may fifteenth nineteen sixty-three the
place Launchpad 14 cape canaveral
florida the event Project Mercury spinal
manned flight in Earth orbit forerunner
to projects Gemini and Apollo in the
nation's space program witnesses of the
event the people of the world on the
site in Florida at television screens
throughout North America and Europe and
at radios on other continents high above
Cape Canaveral an aerial camera records
the launch
the primary purposes of the Fourth
American manned orbital flight were to
confirm how well man can function in
space during a day and a half of
weightlessness and to test the
efficiency of the human being as a
primary component of a spaceflight
system the story then begins and ends
with man man is a living thinking
element of the space flight system and
the man as an individual the man who
named his spacecraft faith 7 for his
face and for his friends the individual
Air Force Major and NASA astronaut Leroy
Gordon Cooper jr. what events in his
life led to his selection as the man who
would take America's longest ride in
space he began flying at an early age he
soloed at 16 he became an Air Force
lieutenant and jet pilot at 22 he also
obtained an aeronautical engineering
degree and qualified for the daring and
methodical work of a test pilot by the
time he was selected as an astronaut he
was a trained experienced test pilot of
supersonic jets but the demands of space
flight were new beyond anything
previously demanded even from a
supersonic test engineer new knowledge
was essential new academic training from
astronomy and celestial navigation to
study such as astrodynamics spacecraft
structures bio astronautics as an
astronaut Gordon Cooper added another
world of sensation such as
weightlessness the absence of gravity
which can be simulated on earth for only
brief periods he underwent hours of
training on centrifuges experiencing the
forces of acceleration he learned
special breathing techniques to help him
function under the crushing forces have
liftoff and re-entry he learned
firsthand the sensations he would
encounter in a tumbling spacecraft and
learned to control the crafts attitude
in various dynamic conditions astronaut
Cooper flew dozens of training missions
on the ground in space flight simulators
he learned operational
procedures and emergency techniques he
became as familiar with his mercury
spacecraft is with his own home and if
something went wrong with that
spacecraft he was trained to survive on
a desert in the open sea wherever he
might be forced to land in an emergency
by the morning of May fifteenth nineteen
sixty three astronaut Gordon Cooper
engineer test pilot was as ready to
orbit the Earth as his own intelligence
and the resources of science could make
him ready as a man a highly qualified
person but more than that was required
he must also be prepared as the
component man part of the control loop
of a space flight system obtaining
medical knowledge of man's mind and body
in a period of sustained Space Flight
was the most important goal of the
mission to take his temperature a new
oral thermometer was used when not in
use by the astronaut it is stood on the
right ear mouth of the helmet and served
to confirm suit outlet temperature it
consists of a thermistor embedded in a
latex probe and has a range from 75 to
105 degrees Fahrenheit delicate sensors
obtain heartbeat and respiration rates
they're placed on the torso and under
each arm at the sixth rib level an
electrolyte material aids in conducting
the electrical signals this tiny
microphone is worn by the astronaut for
taking his blood pressure it is
positioned over the brachial artery on
the upper left arm to measure his blood
pressure the pilot presses a button on
his instrument panel a special cup is
inflated on his arm much like those in
everyday use in a doctor's office the
electrical outputs of the microphone and
cuff pressure like other bodily
measurements are fed into this single
telemetry unit are converted into
electronic signals and transmitted by
radio to doctors on earth repeated use
of this exerciser during flight was also
programmed to yield additional
cardiovascular data on exertion while
weightless relatively free movement of
his hands and
arms is possible for the astronaut
during normal flight since his suit is
not normally pressurized the atmosphere
within his cabin is maintained at a
life-supporting pressure in an emergency
however should the cabin lose its
pressurization the suit would be
automatically pressurized to protect the
astronaut a careful test of the suit is
made just before flight to be sure there
are no leaks when Gordon Cooper lest the
astronaut preparation facility hangar s
of Cape Canaveral to board the transfer
van that would take him to the gantry he
knew that his spacecraft had also been
prepared for the mission with meticulous
care faith 7 had been mated to its Atlas
launch vehicle days before over 100
changes had been made from previous
mercury spacecraft time-consuming
changes in miles of wiring in solenoids
valves dials and even in screws and
bolts the most important ones such as
removal of the periscope were designed
to reduce weight and increase space for
storing greater quantities of
consumables oxygen attitude control
system fuel food and water new
instruments such as cameras antennas and
a metal sphere with flashing lights in
addition to medical studies 12 special
experiments were scheduled the 95 foot
space vehicle consists of the reliable 3
engine Atlas booster and sustainer the
spacecraft and the escape tower made it
together these major components of
mercury Atlas 9 were a towering tribute
to the energy and brains of the
nationwide industrial team which created
and United them from almost every state
in the Union materials designs parts
components and assemblies had come to
this Florida beach from the thousands of
men and women working in the nation's
effort to succeed in space no one was
more aware of the work of more than
50,000 people leading up to this moment
then astronaut Cooper as he entered the
spacecraft he was fortified by the
knowledge the thousand
more would be standing by from mercury
control center two stations around the
world emergency rescue forces were ready
to come to his aid in the event of
failure or catastrophe during liftoff
another rescue crews were stationed at
strategic points beneath his flight path
in case of emergency landing before the
completion of the program 22 orbits the
day before the Emmy 9 flight had been
postponed due to a radar problem at the
Bermuda tracking station the man the
space vehicle and the support systems
must check out one hundred percent
before liftoff there's no margin for
error when a man is launched into the
void of space on main fifteenth nineteen
sixty-three the countdown proceeded
faultlessly over re-read brother Kenta
hariri well with a collar around the
world all tracking stations were green
for go comical idea odyssey project our
webinar artery as i'm now reading the
road and clear on status is green Roger
that 465 is at t minus 24 minutes and
Counting ma 9 the vast and intricate
edifice itself responded perfectly to
the careful scrutiny of men like those
who had build it stabbed r / status
aramid go he's yet so sequence no
electrical go aunty esto hace esto ha oh
damn dough Jo oh right go darn it I'm go
say oh I have you're ready right okay ms
verify pretty light i'm at brewster an
octagon go instrumentation
communications the spacecraft's
automatic stabilization and control
system ASCS environmentally controlled
systems are go nine eight seven six five
four three
Roger and liftoff and the clock is
operating buzzer clock make my 787 on
the way standing by to start back up bra
budget three two one what Roger in the
backup clock is running let me look
through good Roger feels good buddy good
foot 30 seconds and Phil is go octave go
Gavin pressure on the top peg on
seminary of Larkin the letter you
looking beautiful
what an afterburner recalled birthday as
a spacecraft reached a maximum dynamic
pressure all systems were go as it rises
the vehicle is acquired and tracked by
radar it's automatic control is switched
to the ground station in the outer
atmosphere the vehicle is tilted toward
the horizontal course the escape tower
remains in position to pull the
spacecraft away from the launch vehicle
in an emergency at about two minutes 15
seconds of flight beko or booster engine
cutoff will occur coming around
regulatory or pico animation will show
events beyond camera range Roger Baker
the sustainer engine drives faith 7
toward orbital speed and altitude when
the spacecraft can escape with its own
positive grade rockets the tower is
jettisoned and there goes the power if I
see take off at 100 miles up and a speed
of 17,500 44 miles per hour seco
sustainer engine cutoff occurs as faith
7 is inserted into orbit one second
later it separates from the launch
vehicle except a strangely calm on our
staff I fly-by-wire everything is green
air faith 7 was inserted into orbit
exactly in the center of its programmed
envelope using fly-by-wire control
astronaut Cooper then turned the
spacecraft so that it traveled with the
retrorockets and the heat shield facing
forward this way the retrorockets could
be fired to reduce speed and end orbital
flight if necessary the small jets of
hydrogen peroxide which changed the
spacecraft's attitude have no major
effect on the path or velocity of the
orbital flight at 14 minutes 53 seconds
contact was made with a canary islands
tracking station 77 assists canary
Capcom Roger canary Capcom face seminary
you large flare but def tears would you
like over Capcom is the capsule
communicator in contact with a
spacecraft at each tracking station in
addition 28 ships and 172 aircraft were
stationed around the world in
pre-selected recovery areas contingency
forces were also ready in the event of
emergency landing landa park Capcom out
here it right and by reading you loud
and clear face revenue an added
advantage of having a man performing in
the space flight environment was
indicated by astronaut Cooper's ability
to keep a detailed record of his flight
on the onboard tape recorder for example
approaching his first night first night
side and I have a bright blue band a six
accused band blue car a bright blue
banner the Sun spread out very widely is
setting now
America okay 70 who has your iPhone
tonight you might look formative our
rocker I have the right president right
loud and clear from the perigee or a low
point of 100 miles over Bermuda to the
apogee or high point of 166 miles over
Australia the first orbit was nearly
perfect Capcom and crime asst Mexico
gave astronaut Cooper his go for seven
orbits higher gear head over Roger 430 a
mini stage water Roger if all was well
in the seventh orbit he would get a go
for 17 then for the full 22 meantime he
began the special experiments the first
was the use of this slow scan television
camera to relay pictures to the ground
at the rate of one picture every two
seconds these pictures resulted from a
transmission over florida 15 minutes
before sunset on the third orbit major
Cooper prepared to eject this sphere or
beacon for another experiment to find
out how well man can see flashing lights
in space to help with rendezvous and
docking maneuvers in future space
programs
hi mr fly by wire harness clip it's not
very very slowly
and we'll deploy the fly supplied by
supplying a great barn
bike riders floor what's ejected the
beacon assumed its own orbit which kept
it at varying distances from the
spacecraft major Cooper was able to find
it on a third orbit however on the next
door but he saw the light clearly right
quick-serve off at the order of a
sacrifice star beyond 10 or 12 miles the
flashing beacon became less discernible
in the fourth orbit also the first of a
series of tests were begun to measure
radiation in space where a belt of fish
and electrons trapped in the lower
regions of the Earth's magnetic field
would be penetrated by faith 7 on orbitz
passing over eastern South America and
the South Atlantic Ocean primarily the
measurements were made by two Geiger
counters located on the retro pack one
of the Geiger counters surveyed a
hemisphere shaped area unobstructed by
the spacecraft and unaffected by
radiation scattered by its structure the
other registered radiation directly in
the path of travel trapped electrons
spiraling along the Earth's magnetic
flux lines were primarily the source of
radiation several devices were provided
to major radiation piercing to the
interior of the spacecraft a pocket ion
chamber or dosimeter a film patch
attached to the hatch of the spacecraft
a photographic emulsion pack carried on
the instrument panel and for film
patches worn beneath the astronauts
pressure suit one in his helmet the
other three on his body the packages
contained two kinds of film one
sensitive to protons one sensitive only
to electrons both the nature and the
amount of exterior and interior
radiation at the mercury orbit altitude
were ascertained during the flight and
found to be well below the level harmful
to man astronaut Cooper was able to
drink water successfully in his
weightless condition but he had some
difficulty in transferring the water
needed to make some of his packaged food
edible experimental foods were
dried and dehydrated so that adding
water would restore their taste and
consistency other foods were packaged in
bite-sized bits small sandwiches
brownies and other dessert type foods
were easily eaten other experiments were
highly successful for example on the
sixth orbit astronaut Cooper clearly saw
a three million candlepower lights
shining up from bham fontaine Africa
such a light may be used to guide future
moon explorers on their return to earth
he carried out several experimental
photographic assignments such as taking
pictures of the earth's horizon or limb
which may also serve as a navigation fix
in longer space flights another
photographic research project involved
use of a 35-millimeter camera to shoot
to dim light phenomena best observe
beyond the Earth's atmosphere what is
called zodiacal light believed to be a
weak reflection of sunlight from free
electrons and dust particles the other
dim light phenomenon he photographed was
the earth night airglow layer a week
three colored band of light around the
Earth time exposures with a
35-millimeter camera will yield data on
the height and intensity of these layers
and on solar energy conversion processed
in the upper atmosphere infrared
photography of the earth on black and
white film was also performed for the
weather bureau to obtain data for the
design of improved television cameras in
future weather satellites from time to
time the astronaut also shot color
pictures of scene selected at random
this picture was taken of the Atlas
Mountains of Africa this is a view of
the Himalayas the Philippine Islands
major cooper also proved that deep
normal sleep is possible in a weightless
condition beginning his rest period on
the ninth orbit with occasional
interruptions for short reports on to
his tape recorder he slept well for
several hours in addition to the
telemetered medical data away
I can't asleep on his heart rate
temperature respiration and blood
pressure his voice pitch was monitored
to determine his psychological condition
the flight preceded with textbook
perfection even after the cabin cooling
system was turned off and using only the
suit cooling system cabin temperature
stabilized at 96 degrees and sued inlet
temperature at 59 degrees Fahrenheit far
less oxygen and attitude control system
fuel were used that had been anticipated
during the 15th night during his 22nd
hour in space astronaut Cooper recorded
a personal prayer portions of which
follow I would like to take this time to
say a little prayer all the people thank
you for the privilege of being here be
in this position the after this wondrous
place Charlie's miss Barling waters
thank you you've created he was all our
family father
okay okay
Robert the textbook flight continued all
systems go all perfect on his 16th orbit
astronaut Cooper sent greetings to the
summit meeting of African Statesman
hello afrika this is astronaut corps
Cooper speaking from faith 7 I am right
now over 100 miles above Africa speaking
to the zanzibar station just a few
minutes ago I past August Obama I want
to a success to your leaders there good
luck to all here in Africa all clear all
systems perfect orbits 15 16 17 18 18
times around the earth orbit 19 began at
the 20th minute of the 28th power base 7
an astronaut Cooper were out of voice
contact from Bermuda around more than
half the world to Hawaii like a parfait
service corridor a region of Roger one
day if I Italy later a cape situation
INF and see what they think on it while
earning my warning lights off and back
on to damp bio 5g dela light came on in
my car light panel the point 05 gravity
light normally comes on after
retrorockets have been fired and the
spacecraft has begun to fall toward the
earth it indicates deceleration on
encountering the atmosphere but faith 7
was maintaining its orbital path and
velocity therefore the question was
whether the point 05 gravity switch
alone had been triggered by a short
circuit or whether the entire automatic
control system had skipped the
programmed retro rocket and re-entry
phase astronaut Cooper's message was
immediately relayed from Hawaii to
mercury control center by the time he
passed over Cape Canaveral beginning his
20th orbit NASA and contractor engineers
had broken down complete schematic
diagrams of the spacecraft and we're
ready to spell out certain tests for the
astronaut to make to determine the
serious
so the unscheduled light by testing the
automatic stabilization and control
systems ability to acquire attitudes
astronaut Cooper determined that his
ASCS system was not operating he
performed more tests and exchanged
information directly with tracking
stations and by relay with mercury
control at Cape Canaveral a machine
seldom makes a mistake but a machine
fails a man must not fail between the
man and the spacecraft and the men on
the ground it was determined that
astronaut Cooper would have to fire his
retrorockets and control reentry by hand
his auto pilot had failed without a man
to bring the ship down safely the
spacecraft and the missions most
valuable data would have been lost the
task was difficult but the man was
trained on his final orbit astronaut
Cooper completed final checklists for
retro fire and reentry reported final
data each error of one second in timing
would cause a five-mile error in landing
point near midway at the selected
recovery area for the 22nd orbit the
carrier kearsarge smaller rescue ships
and aircraft had been alerted and were
ready for emergency procedures a minut
error in faith 73 entry attitude could
also result in a perilous under or over
shoot of the recovery area at the 30th
second of the 56th minute of the 33rd
hour of flight astronaut Cooper
contacted john glenn on the coastal
sentry quebec near Japan look it's a lot
of expense on her slide here ten seconds
before the 34th hour of flight to assist
astronaut Cooper in the critical timing
John Glenn began the final countdown
I think so astronaut Cooper had fired
the retrorockets on the second he
jettisoned his retro packed as the
tremendous speed of the spacecraft
re-entering the atmosphere build up the
temperature of 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit
the ionized air cut off radio contact
for a short time now it was a matter of
waiting hoping for contact to be
reestablished hoping for accuracy hoping
the shoots with open and hold faith 7
was picked up by a radar 184 miles out
and falling fast shortly thereafter the
main parachute was sighted
Oh
and so it ended 34 hours 20 minutes 31
seconds the flight of a man in space 22
times around the earth five hundred
forty thousand miles farther than to the
moon and back ended within seconds of
its program time and within four and a
half miles of the carrier kearsarge all
Roger I'd like to come aboard the
carrier but grant me romantic for an
airport troops
the flight of faith 7 was over a great
deal of data was still to be gathered
but from the immediate medical check out
of the astronaut before he emerged from
the spacecraft to preliminary
post-flight analyses the flight seemed
to have proved man's capability of
efficient functioning in a period of
prolonged weightlessness in space as a
pilot astronaut Cooper had come a long
way from the time as a six-year-old he
was allowed to handle the controls of
his father's old single engine biplane
as a man he had once again provided
proof and a bead of valor but individual
men will risk or give their lives so
that all men may ascend from ignorance
into the light of greater knowledge in
the words of President Kennedy he says
their victories as well at war and this
was one of the victories for the human
spirit today
you
you
you
you
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