Hello guys! This is Natasha.
Today's topic is for advanced students.
We will talk about the participles
This topic is for advanced ones because before you start to learn the participles, you should undertand the verbs and the adjectives well,
since the participle is the verb and the adjective in one.
The participles, same as the verbs, might be perfective and imperfective,
and they change according to tenses, they have forms of the present and past tenses
The participles don't have the form of the future tense.
And yet, the participles, same as the adjectives, change according to number (singular, plural), gender and case.
There are active and passive participles in the Russian language.
The active participles denote the characteristic of an object, which performs the action itself.
The passive participles denote the characteristic of an object, which experiences ("suffers" from) the action of the other object.
How to memorize it easier?
Active is from a word "действовать - to act", and passive from a word "страдать - to suffer",
so the active participles "act themselves",
and the passive participles "suffer from actions" of someone or somewhat else.
Today I will explain how the active participles in the present tense are formed,
and I will give you a few examples with such participles.
Let's begin!
In order to make an active participle in the present tense
we need an imperfective verb, a suffix -ущ, -ющ, -ащ or -ящ and an adjective ending.
We put everything in one pot...
and we will get a participle.
Let's take a verb "читать - to read", for example:
A boy who reads.
Now we will say the same but with a participle.
First of all we need to figure out how does a word "читать" sound in the present tense, 3rd person, plural (they-form).
i.e. what do they do? read.
You see, we have a letter "ю" before "т" and it means that we need a suffix "ющ".
And the ending?
The participles have the same endings as adjectives.
Мальчик (boy) is a masculine noun.
We look at the table and see that the masculine adjectives might have endings -ий or -ый.
But we have a suffix "ющ", there is "щ" at the end,
and it means we cannot use an ending "ый",
because "ы" is never written after "щ".
Therefore we take "ий".
A boy who reads = a reading boy
We can put the participle after the noun.
Look.
A boy reading a book is sitting under the tree.
Now let's make a participle from a verb "сидеть - to sit".
What do they do? Sit.
So a suffix "ящ".
sitting
A boy sitting under a tree is reading a book.
or
Sitting under a tree boy is reading a book. (it sounds weird in English, litteral translation)
Another example:
A girl who is writing a letter to her friend, is learning in this school.
Let's change the words "которая пишет" with a participle.
What do they do? Write.
You see, there at the end before a letter "т" we have a letter "у" and it means we need a suffix "ущ".
And the ending?
Девочка (a girl) is a feminine noun.
Again we look at the table with the endings of the adjectives
and we see there that we have two options - the endings "ая" or "яя".
But again, we have a suffix "ущ" with "щ" at the end
and letter "я" is never written after "щ".
So the right ending is "ая".
A girl writing a letter to her friend is learning in this school.
If we deal with a reflexive verb, "ся" stays at the end of a word.
For example, let's take this sentence:
A girl who studies in this school is writing a letter to her friend.
Let's change "которая учится" with a participle.
What do they do? Study.
We have a letter "а" before "т".
So we need a suffix "ащ".
The ending we have figured out already, it will be "ая".
A girl studying in this school is writing a letter to her friend.
Well, one more example with the neuter gender.
The sun that shines
What do they do? Shine.
We have a letter "я" before "т" and it means we need a suffix...
"ящ".
For the ending we take a look at the table
and we see that the neuter adjectives might have two endings: ое or ее.
But in Russian words in unemphasized syllables "o" is never written after "щ",
so the right ending is -ее.
So, the sun that shines is the shining sun.
I wanted to give you more examples but today I don't have enough time for it.
So I promise to make a separate video with examples.
Well, that's it for today guys!
Thank you for watching and see you soon.
Bye!
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