Waching daily May 11 2017

hello everyone it's me Jayskibean it

welcome back to outlast to last episode

we fell off this um this bridge and died

and we found out a whole bunch of

information about the storyline if you

really want to see it all just take a

rewind and all that good stuff and yeah

we're going down this like super crazy

River Rapids finding batteries and

bandages and dead people and loved set

us free I was trying to read that before

but I fell off oh I see you just go just

go get the raft in the raft screw the

other guys yeah go go go go go go just

go back in the raft we go yeah

I hear you buddy

I hear your friend you got to make it

down this river or else the world's

gonna end that rhymes that arrived I

just made a rhyme I'm so smart oh don't

get stuck yeah and does the thing happen

last episode we got stuck on rocks and

had to reset the game there's a lot of

game resetting going on

in this game well you end up getting

stuck a dead ends a lot and I've got to

say I do like the first outlast better

but I got I'm going to stop I'm going to

stop talking about how much I don't like

this game compared to the first one and

I'm just going to play it I mean because

look how good these Rapids are look at

that look at the look at this quality of

gameplay because good they look look at

the sky and in the fogginess yeah anyway

so we're going out knees here - and I

have to go I figure left are you getting

it stuck again don't get stuck again yes

just go this way

I see you heretics it's like a cult war

and we're stuck right in the middle of

it just like we found out in like seven

episodes ago eight nine episodes ago

lots of tape points to like I'm gonna

die or something oh no keep going

there's people falling in the water I'm

not gonna die I am it I can't see its

thing but should it took out half the

raft it's okay we got this we're almost

at the the mines I guess we're still

trying to get to the mines I don't even

know anymore

we haven't been to the mines there's

that bridge that I fell down earlier way

earlier maybe if that is the same bridge

I don't know there's some hook this

place is huge for so much has happened

and yeah keep going you can do it keep

going you can do it

come on you can do it we're almost there

I think I see people

yeah those are definitely people oh no

just just run hills have eyes much I'm

so over this

what so I guess I'm going this way

because they're oh yeah it's right

behind me oh boy oh look at that thing

you look at it

oh yeah gross oh I was just in the pool

that's all that was still in the water

ha ha all the doors are locked

oh man like should I go back in and say

hey oh look at all the blip good luck

Hey who goes there

oh yeah no shouldn't win the girls

locker room

oh you guys it's it really happening

it's not that bad

oh dude so let's see how the male's

locker room is so what if it says Oh

talk about well I'm following you I'm

gonna follow let's go okay so it's not

as bad in here run run from him whoever

he is

whoa moly I was running right at him

oh I'm way far away from him now oh it's

jammed so where'd you like I Jam too

good yay

so do I get back I go in here have a go

in here you want me to go take my

computer class again learn how to use a

note no alien is worth since even okay

if you say so uh keep it at all righty

so yeah so there's just a light above

above all these notes then so do I get

this way No

so where do then this way

where do I help you at where'd you go I

can't see you through all the blood -

the place all bloody let's get out of

here

cheese cheese Louise Poppa cheese just

grow donk

straight up blood everywhere so am i

back in the real world now kind of whoa

so now it's raining blood since I had

that dream where it was flooding wait a

minute so does this mean my dream like

affect the real world then because I've

never like never thought about it before

but when I dream when I wake up for my

dreams it's always in a place relevant

to where I am in the world so it's like

kind of like when Frodo puts the ring on

and he moves around like in the

invisible state or whatever and then

pops back up dude and you polish back up

and he's like a totally different place

it's kind of like that but my dreams

like effect there I feel like there as I

get more intense like they are now

they're starting to affect the world as

it is

for example now it's raining blood and

my dreams it was like sprinkling blood

from the sprinklers okay so so yeah this

is how does that means I'm going to keep

running because I'm assuming oh oh dude

I'm assuming just because I'm the reason

it's raining blood no does it mean all

this looks like a nightmare

what's this chapter 13 and now and by

the assigns shall you know veneering or

breaches of the night air shall sing

with the grinding edges of midwives

blades the final sign shall be the work

of the enemy fearful even in his prison

who shall reach out and into the heart

of Sullivan off or one a secretly

disciples mind shell the heretics shall

ride the mist of the righteous and they

shall suffer a thousand tortures for lo

at the sounding of the prophets truth

the babe shall leap and the martyrs

women okay so that is basically so I

feel like nos which I'm sure you guys

have caught on earlier and I did catch

on earlier he he's made his own

what happened he made it more or less

made his own Scripture you know what

well yeah our God is it cuz he's

crucified and all the dead people's

because I mean it I received words so

far or is it because of somebody chasing

me it's probably that one it's probably

that somebody's chasing so Duke so what

is am i chasing me is that what this is

do I need to hide oh the door right here

duh oh my god

I'm so smart I'm so smart I take up on

all the little details know every single

detail of every okay whoa whoa get it

back oh but they wait Lynn have you seen

her show good look at one stick you get

up get out we have to go oh no we don't

I'm gonna keep going the way I'm going

because I want to save my wife none of

this scares me what just happened Oh

okay well apparently wait am i back in

the school now okay now we're back in

the school again

woo hoo the library you're gonna get

attacked by this creepy Mazda once more

okay we don't throw chairs at me now

where you gonna pop at oh you thinking

let me open it it is alright

it's no lights in here so I mean there's

like no notes or anything so why don't

let me in it's just something I need to

touch

oh no but I'm gonna reload my battery

okay so I'm vasila this is just deadened

so I'm gonna go back back in sheesh we

can't open that door good okay maybe I

do have to go somewhere

thank you I don't know maybe there's a

the vent is open up top is that a

battery it's a bandage I can use that

lighter

keoki IKEA okay so this way oh this is

opening to anything in here from wha oh

jeez

nothing okay it's gotta be one of these

rooms because okay there's nothing in

here do do do to do is what is out there

nothing just a computer screen just goes

join the conversation hey Jessica

either blink against the machine hi this

works this is weird I can see you over

there typing turn around

oh I knew it was gonna be twisted the

news gonna be twisted oh I want to talk

some more Blake okay I guess I guess

can't I'm not gonna lie it gave me the

shivers it did it seriously it shivered

me timbers oh there's another one okay I

can see you what was the other thing on

your screen the window you closed when I

was coming over nothing just messing

around still haven't figured this

computer thing out I can help you

anytime Linds waving at you hold on

December seventh sent my husband says

that everything happens for a reason God

has his plan but he also but he also

said you have to make your own look if

you want something you have to change

whatever's in your way and make it

happen I don't want to tell that means

contradicting himself because he doesn't

like to hear that

and sometimes he raises a hand but I

feel like I don't have to control and

it's my fault at the same time and then

Jessica I feel like that too sometimes a

lot of the time are you an adult I'm

almost 50 years old I guess it's done

for a grown woman to worry like this I

probably shouldn't even be here it's not

done my just Wanda okay so this is all

so I guess that was

so I guess that was Lin so that is a Lin

going through these two like a sheep

maybe she's having the same visions

let's go get chased by the monster it's

probably what's gonna happen this where

I've got all bloody right can I leave I

just wanna leave up nope okay

there she is

we're not alone here yeah I know by now

dude it's not the first time in this

dream whoa I just saw something move

down there crazy okay let's go let's go

we ha ha ha ha ha

blocked just like everything else in my

life

whoa right away see ya

nobody cares about your batteries right

now except for maybe me Oh dead end

I hope dude still not the hot oh boy I

bet he is still behind me well what do i

do then if he's still here probably I

probably miss a thing

oh and to the water we go to keep cold

cute dude this is creepy creepy ah it's

pouring

who was that

oh boy I can hear them clanging oh great

that's good sar they in here with me

then oh I have to go under nuts

oh god no no no oh boy

all there's no escape oh boy okay go

where we gonna run like there ain't no

tomorrow yeah run run run run run like a

ray no tomorrow cuz we got a run through

everything and everywhere that we can no

no no no oh this way this way this way

and then keep going this way probably

jump over the desk lalalala lalala get

out of this place because it's super

scary yeah so does got to be the

heretics I'm guessing if I had one guess

that would be it Hey look at the wheel

nope

see ya no see ya over the body let's get

out of here just go just go just go just

go just go I'll just stretch you're

causing me keep going dude keep going

keep oh that's definitely definitely

what the heretics oh boy

Oh No go go go go go go fuck

just go just go you can

oh I'm on the side of the I'm on the

side of the building now at the school

okay well if there was ever a stopping

point it would be now so I'm going to go

ahead and finish the episode off here

this is starting to get real down now

I'm starting to get a little excited cuz

I feel like this story is starting to

hit its peak and starting to grow a lot

more so anyway I hope you guys enjoyed

if you guys did enjoy make sure you slap

that like button underneath the video

and instead of next time I'll see you

guys later

For more infomation >> SHARK WEEK | Outlast 2 Pt.13 - Duration: 21:14.

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NEW 13ft Scamp Trailer Tour - Duration: 4:36.

Today I have for you a tour of my home.

We have an older Scamp tour video

that's still good with lots of good information

but after living in this thing full time for 6 months

we now know things a bit better.

So, this is an updated tour of our 1988 Scamp Trailer.

When you first walk in the door we've got our

guest house on the right.

It's a tiny little bench for

seating, for holding all of our stuff,

or for sleeping one person.

It also converts into a bunk bed

that will sleep 2 and sometimes even 3.

We have a little storange underneath either side of the bench.

On one side we keep tools and on the other side we keep kitchen leftovers

that we access occasionally.

Directly underneath the bench is a cubby spot

that is supposed to be for a compost toilet.

We use it for shoes and our emergency poop shovel.

We've got this poop shovel incase we have to have an emergency and poop outside

but generally we go to the bathroom at coffee shops in town.

If it's too cold, too rainy, or too busy outside around us

I also have this handy dandy pee cup.

I got this cup at the dollar store.

I've never used this cup before

and if I'm not at a coffee shop I will pee outside like a REAL lady.

If you want a tutorial on all the

details of the bathroom situation

I would be more than happy to make one for you.

Moving over to the kitchen

we've got these awesome countertops built for us

by Josh Glisan, founder of Dust City Wood Stickers.

It used to have a built in stove and a built in fridge

but we gutted those in favor of no propane.

We use the sink strictly for brushing our teeth.

We just don't seem to need it for anything else.

We don't have running water

and truly haven't even desired running water since starting this lifestyle.

We use 4 water containers.

Above the sink is a 2L Camel Back that we use for brushing our teeth or rinsing things out.

The gray water usually has nothing but earth-friendly toothpaste in it

so it goes right out the back of the Scamp and into the gravel.

We have 2 2.5 jugs under the bed for drinking water.

And we have a 6L water bladder we keep in the car

and fill up when we go to the store.

Outside we keep a 1 gallon bug sprayer full of water

to clean dishes and occasionally shower if it's warm enough outside.

We always keep a roll of toilet paper in the kitchen as well.

This is a really interesting hack because it's cheaper than paper towels

and it also creates a lot less waste than paper towels.

We've installed a hanging rod underneath the upper storage from IKEA.

This holds our silverware and our tiny stuff.

We've got storage for dishes, tea supplies and electronics above

and a rudimentary shelving system for our food below.

And now the master bedroom.

We've got 2 large, rarely accessed storage containers

on either side of the bed.

1 we store our camping gear in

and the other, we store electronics that don't work off the grid.

Still plenty of storage in both of them.

This whole area is made to adjust to a table with 2 benches.

We use this area strictly as a bed

because we use the area underneath as storage.

We each have one bin for our clothes.

These are wrapping paper bins I ordered online.

They fit perfectly together with our water jugs.

Next to our bed we have a closet.

We hang a few clothes in the closet, but mostly use it for storage

of other miscellaneous things we access regularly.

A few additional things we have

are this sunroof, it's due for an upgrade,

and we also have this really awesome screen door.

So that's the tour of the inside, and this is how we live off grid.

We've got a goal zero battery and solar panel.

We use these to charge our phones, camera gear, laptops and lights.

Beyond that, we have no need for electricity.

We cook on our wood burning Biolite stove.

Otherwise, we eat raw fruits, nuts and veggies that we don't have to cook.

Our lights are also from Biolite.

They're battery operated so all we have to do is charge them from our solar panel.

Our heater is the only device connected to propane.

It operates at the lowest level of BTU's we could find.

We crack the windows for cross ventilation, but CO1 is heavier than oxygen

and it flows down and out of our very unsealed door.

Living in the Scamp has been the best thing I've ever done and I think Barron has to agree.

Even though we don't have the common luxuries of a regular house,

we are riddled with so many less problems,

so much less stress, so many fewer things to think about.

If you have any specific questions or are looking for any kind of advice,

PLEASE leave a comment below.

Follow me on all the rest of my social media accounts

if you want to stay up to date with what I'm doing in the Scamp and with my art.

And I will see you in my next video! Bye!

For more infomation >> NEW 13ft Scamp Trailer Tour - Duration: 4:36.

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James Comey Learned He Was Fired From A TV News Report, Thought - politics - Duration: 2:59.

James Comey Learned He Was Fired From A TV News Report, Thought It Was A Joke

According to the NYT's Michael Schmidt, today's termination of James Comey was not an impromptu

event: the "WH and DOJ had been working on firing Comey since at least last week.

Sessions had been working to come up with reasons."

Still, only a handful of people got a heads up: Trump called Senators Lindsey Graham (R)

and Diane Feinstein (D) before breaking the news.

They are the top Republican and Democrat on the Senate committee running the Russia probe.

He did not, however, tell Comey, who according to the NYT, learned he was unemployed by hearing

it on the TV.

Comey, who is three years into a 10-year term at the helm of the F.B.I., learned from news

reports that he had been fired while addressing bureau employees in Los Angeles.

While Mr. Comey spoke, television screens in the background began flashing the news.

Shortly after, a letter was delivered to F.B.I.

Headquarters in Washington.

Adding to the humiliationin his first reaction, Comey laughed, saying he thought it was a

fairly funny prank.

Then his staff started scurrying around in the background and told Mr. Comey that he

should step into a nearby office.

Mr. Comey stopped addressing the group.

He proceeded to shake hands with the employees he had been speaking to.

Then he stepped into a side office, where he confirmed that he had been fired.

At that point, he had not heard from the White House.

Mr. Comey�s day had begun in Florida, where he spoke to a group of police officers.

He then flew to Los Angeles, where he was also scheduled to speak at a diversity meeting.

At the same time, Keith Schiller, the director of Oval Office operations at the White House,

hand delivered a letter from Trump to Comey informing him of his firing late Tuesday afternoon.

But Comey was not there to receive it.

In his letter, the president said he was dismissing Comey because it was time for a �new beginning�

at the nation�s �crown jewel of law enforcement.�

�While I greatly appreciate you informing me, on three separate occasions, that I am

not under investigation, I nevertheless concur with the judgment of the Department of Justice

that you are not able to lead the Bureau," Trump wrote.

The recipient of the letter would be on the other end of the country at that moment.

Meanwhile, in a separate NBC report, a senior FBI official said they "had no idea this was

coming.

They are in shock there."

For more infomation >> James Comey Learned He Was Fired From A TV News Report, Thought - politics - Duration: 2:59.

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SCIENCE BACKED DOCUMENTARY REVEALS AMAZING POTENTIAL OF THE BODY - tech and science - Duration: 3:07.

SCIENCE BACKED DOCUMENTARY REVEALS AMAZING POTENTIAL OF THE BODY TO HEAL ITSELF

Enlightening entertainment: If you�re like me, you really enjoy a great documentary that

captivates you with a powerful story and leaves you filled with more knowledge and wisdom

than when you started out.

The concept of our beliefs creating the reality we experience is one that sometimes takes

a little bit to wrap your head around.

But is it so far-fetched to think that the lens through which we view the world (and

we all have lenses) might be the thing that needs a bit of cleaning or healing in order

for us to see clearly?

The world premiere of Heal is scheduled to be released on June 1 at the Illuminate Film

Festival.

This documentary dives deep into an exploratory journey of science and spirituality, zeroing

in on the lives of three individuals on a high-stakes healing journey and revealing

that our thoughts, beliefs, and emotions actually have a huge impact on our health and ability

to heal.

What a liberating thought to know we are not �victims� to unchangeable genes and we

do actually have the ability to transform from the inside out.

Heal shares what worked for these three people, what didn�t, and why.

You can grab tickets to the Illuminate Film Festival here to check out this film and many

more.

One of the greatest shifts in my life came when I realized we are ALL healers.

That term is not reserved for only certain �special people� that seem to possess

amazing powers; because of our innate design of all being made of the same �stuff�,

we have the ability to help each other evolve and move through certain stagnations we face.

This film will empower you with a new understanding of the miraculous nature of the human body

and the extraordinary healer within us all.

I was very excited to see some of the leading scientists and spiritual teachers that appear

in this documentary, some of whom include: Dr. Deepak Chopra, Dr. Joe Dispenza, Anita

Moorjani, Marianne Williamson, Dr. Michael Beckwith, Dr. Bruce Lipton, Anthony William,

and many more.

These people have written books, led talks, made films, and inspired millions with their

messages.

If you�ve ever wondered how the human body can heal itself, then this might be a great

documentary to watch.

More and more we�re seeing the word disease being broken down as dis-ease because science

is telling us that this dis-ease in the body comes from a strong connection to the emotions

we hold and the beliefs we carry.

There is much to explore here.

The Illuminate Film Festival is on from May 31st to June 4th in Sedona.

Early bird tickets are on sale now.

Check out the full schedule of films being shown here.

For more infomation >> SCIENCE BACKED DOCUMENTARY REVEALS AMAZING POTENTIAL OF THE BODY - tech and science - Duration: 3:07.

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3 Easy Braided Hairstyles with Accessories | short & medium hair | Hairs Affairs - Duration: 6:14.

For more infomation >> 3 Easy Braided Hairstyles with Accessories | short & medium hair | Hairs Affairs - Duration: 6:14.

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3 Simple Beaver Themer To Get More Out Of Beaver Themer, Beaver Builder, & WordPress - Duration: 8:48.

For more infomation >> 3 Simple Beaver Themer To Get More Out Of Beaver Themer, Beaver Builder, & WordPress - Duration: 8:48.

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Bovich on Patreon! - Duration: 2:08.

Hello guys!

..Cat...

I'm Bovich and this is...

Hello guys, I'm Bovich and this is our Patreon Video

Actually we had a lot of attempts to record this video, but none of it got into release.

Why?

Because amount of information and FAQ was too great for one narrative video

So this video means two things

Patreon campaign and announcement for series of videos about the project

Over the past year and a half a tremendous amount of work has been done:

a lot of videos, modding projects, participation in exhibitions and international competitions.

Why Patreon?

Because from the very beginning of such a juicy and big project like Godlike Machine,

we still have a lot of unrealized ideas for which we lack the resources and working hands.

Become a project support, participate in its life, watch videos that we will never release into open access,

and get various rewards accordance with your investments.

After reaching the first milestone I will tell you about the beginning of the project.

How it began, what was the first name and logo and more of it.

All this videos will be posted on closed Patreon and group

Enough chattering, click the link in description now and become our support!

For more infomation >> Bovich on Patreon! - Duration: 2:08.

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Съемки видео | МОНОПОД | Как ВЫБРАТЬ МОНОПОД - Duration: 1:01.

For more infomation >> Съемки видео | МОНОПОД | Как ВЫБРАТЬ МОНОПОД - Duration: 1:01.

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AVM Travel Trailer Escape walkthrough AVMGames. - Duration: 7:04.

For more infomation >> AVM Travel Trailer Escape walkthrough AVMGames. - Duration: 7:04.

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The Art of Conversation - 10 Way to Increase Conversational Confidence (Self-Help) - Duration: 5:30.

For more infomation >> The Art of Conversation - 10 Way to Increase Conversational Confidence (Self-Help) - Duration: 5:30.

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LADY OSCAR - Episodio 9 in 8 MINUTI e Mezzo by Aldo Jones - Duration: 13:29.

For more infomation >> LADY OSCAR - Episodio 9 in 8 MINUTI e Mezzo by Aldo Jones - Duration: 13:29.

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(FREE BEAT) Hardcore Rap Beat | Trippy Trap Beat | Booming 808 Hip Hop Instrumentals | BlackRoyal - Duration: 3:30.

(FREE BEAT) Agressive Rap Beat | Trippy Hard Trap Beat Hard 808 Hip Hop Instrumentals 🔻 Download Link:

This Rap Trap instrumental beat was produced, mixed & mastered by BlackRoyal. For inquiries about custom beats and other things, please contact blackryoalbeats@gmail.com.

Listen to other beats every week: ✔️ Trap Beats✔️ Radio Type Beats ✔️ Rap Beats✔️ R&B Beats ✔️ Trap Soul Beats✔️ Hip Hop Instrumental Beats

For more infomation >> (FREE BEAT) Hardcore Rap Beat | Trippy Trap Beat | Booming 808 Hip Hop Instrumentals | BlackRoyal - Duration: 3:30.

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De la mano de Lainez, el América igualó con Chivas en cuartos de final del torneo Sub-17 - Duration: 1:13.

For more infomation >> De la mano de Lainez, el América igualó con Chivas en cuartos de final del torneo Sub-17 - Duration: 1:13.

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Devenez un Acheteur Professionnel - Duration: 0:38.

For more infomation >> Devenez un Acheteur Professionnel - Duration: 0:38.

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'Chepo' de la Torre y la derrota ante Toluca: "Nos equivocamos y Talavera las paró todas" - Duration: 1:05.

For more infomation >> 'Chepo' de la Torre y la derrota ante Toluca: "Nos equivocamos y Talavera las paró todas" - Duration: 1:05.

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Paladins || EAC (EasyAntiCheat) || Connection Interrupted || 2017 || Updated || Latest || Easy - Duration: 4:50.

How to fix connection interrupted error in paladins.

So let's get started.

Open the steam folder

Open steam apps/ common/ Paladins/ Binaries/ EAC/ Certificates

Delete all the files present in the folder.

Open steam application

Open Paladins Properties.

Now verify the game's files

Wait for some time, until the process complete.

Close the window and get ready for step 3.

Step 3. Open Hi-rez diagnotic and support application. You can find it in start menu.

Wait for some time until it loads.

Now all you need to do is just click on Restart service.

Your service is now restarted.

Step 4. Now Run the game.

Attention : If you are getting EAC startup error, you just need to close the internet until you are done loading the game. Connect the internet after your game is fully loaded. Here is a short click showing how to do it.

Just follow my steps

Run the game.

Log in to the game servers

Don't click on play.

Now Close the internet.

Now Click on play button.

Wait for 10 seconds. The game is ready to play.

Now Connect the internet.

The game is working...

Step 5. Now After running the game, change the servers to south asia or any other location and then play the game. First click on play, then to the right there is change region icon (the one after custom game). Click on that and then you can select another region, go to competitive region in competitive mode.

For more infomation >> Paladins || EAC (EasyAntiCheat) || Connection Interrupted || 2017 || Updated || Latest || Easy - Duration: 4:50.

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Spoiler de el prx video(? - Duration: 0:37.

For more infomation >> Spoiler de el prx video(? - Duration: 0:37.

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Wolves can be a bit Coy - Duration: 16:44.

So, four years ago, as a volunteer at the University of Montana Zoological Museum, we

got a call from Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks about a gray wolf that had been hit

by a car -- and, as many of you still fondly remember, we filmed aspects of the preparation

process: skinning it, and gutting it...

You know, all the pretty parts.

This was because I really wanted to show you guys how museums turn road-killed

animals into valuable research specimens.

That was also the series where I also accidentally misdialed Lenscrafters - which maybe became

one of the funniest things to ever happen in the history of The Brain Scoop.

Those videos gave us a chance to talk about anatomy and physiology- so while I dove into

its stomach contents to figure out what it was eating, we didn't really get into any

questions that that specimen could help us answer.

I also didn't even talk about the incredibly complicated history of wolves and people,

or the important role wolves play as top predators in their ecosystems.

It's nearly impossible to know where to begin with this subject: wolves are some of

the most highly studied animals on our planet, and the relationship between wolves and people

itself is prehistoric.

There's an overwhelming amount of information out there, to the point I nearly scooped my

own brain out just trying to research for this episode.

One of the most confusing things is trying to figure out just how many different kinds

of wolves are in North America today, and how distinct each of those kinds really are.

So for the sake of needing a starting point for this video we're recognizing gray

wolves, eastern wolves, and red wolves as distinct types in the U.S.- and Mexican wolves,

Arctic wolves, and great plains wolves as populations, or subspecies, of those three.

The conflict between wolves and people has been called "the longest, most relentless,

and most ruthless persecution one species has waged against another."

In the 2003 book Wolves, the authors put it this way:

"To many humans, this animal is the ultimate symbol of wilderness and environmental completeness.

To others - for example, a Wyoming rancher or an Italian shepherd - it represents nature

out of control, a world in which the rights and needs of rural people are subjugated by

city-dwelling animal lovers intent on imposing their conservation values on others."

...and they're not wrong.

The animals in this episode are small parts of a huge, complicated story we're going

to tell about American human and scientific history, and ethics - endangered species,

and philosophy - and what the future looks like when we try to fit the messiness of nature

into neat, legal boxes.

And when I mean messy, I mean… we got kinda messy with this one.

Let's go.

Before Europeans began settling across the United States - before they were

even called the United States - this was a country of diverse, Native peoples and abundant

wildlife - including wolves.

Wolves were spread across North America, with an estimated population of around 380,000

individuals.

But pretty much as soon as the 'Pilgrim Fathers' arrived in the early 1600s, so

did their efforts to eradicate wolves - as they had just exterminated the wolves in England

and across Europe.

Human-wolf conflict is an ancient story: depending on which cultures and periods you're looking

to, people either saw wolves as totems and positive symbols of strength (like in many

Native American cultures, and historically the Celts and the Greeks) - or they saw wolves

as evil creatures to be removed from the face of the planet at all costs.

Such was the case with America's settlers in the early 1600s.

At that time the conflict between wolves and people rose from a number of factors, including

fears based off of Old World myth and folklore - but the protection of livestock was one

of the biggest reasons in justifying their removal.

Wolves attacked and ate cows and sheep while their natural prey - bison, deer, and elk

- were depleted by settlers to make room for grazing livestock, and to feed growing human

populations.

And sometimes, like with the eradication of the American bison in the western United States

- prey animals were killed in staggering numbers for fun, as it seemed like nature's bounty

was endless.

The continual hunting, trapping, and poisoning of wolves- largely encouraged by offering

bounties, and government-supported extermination programs - continued in the United States

for nearly four hundred years, until by the mid-1960s only a single population of gray

wolves remained in Minnesota and Michigan.

It's likely we would have hunted the wolf to extinction in the United States, were it

not for the creation of the Endangered Species Act by Richard Nixon and congress in 1973.

Grey wolves were listed a year later, in 1974.

Larry Heaney: Forty, fifty years ago-- there were almost no wolves at all anywhere in the

lower 48 states.

Emily: That's Dr. Larry Heaney.

He's a curator of mammals here at The Field Museum.

Larry: In the early 1970s, there were maybe 200 wolves in the Great Lakes area.

They had been completely eliminated by the anti-predator programs in the U.S.

Emily: As wolves were eradicated across the continental US between the mid-1800s to

mid-1900s, their former territories opened up and coyotes were given an opportunity.

Wolves tend to kill but don't eat the coyotes they encounter in the wild, so it's a wise

coyote that avoids running into a wolf pack.

But in the absence of their top predators, coyotes began spreading out across these newly

unoccupied habitats, leaving western grasslands to occupy eastern deciduous forests.

Unlike wolves, coyotes aren't seen to be as threatening to people, maybe because they're

smaller and don't travel in packs, so they've avoided persecution in large numbers.

And compared to wolves, coyotes are inconspicuous, and more difficult to spot and hunt: I suppose

you could say they're wily.

And they've have an incredible ability to adapt to cities-- which are all factors that

have contributed to the success of this species.

After the Endangered Species Act protection of grey wolves their population numbers began

to rise, and individuals spread out from southern Canada and Minnesota.

But this was not necessarily accomplished by a slow distribution: wolves can cover a

lot of ground.

See, in order for a wolf to have the highest chance for succeeding in a pack, it needs

to establish its own territory, otherwise it'll constantly be competing for food resources.

Therefore, wolves practice a strategy called directional dispersal, meaning they move away

in a single direction from their birth pack- and the distance can be immense.

Larry: It was the young males that were dispersing- sometimes hundreds, maybe a thousand miles

out into territory where there were no wolves.

Emily: Some wolves have been recorded as far as 550 miles away from where they were

born.

Since the wolves in the lower 48 were essentially gone, as these new packs began spreading out

from northern territories, two particular kinds of wolves- the red wolves, and the Eastern

wolves - didn't encounter female wolves… they encountered coyotes, an animal they would

typically kill.

But without the option to mate with other wolves - because there were no wolves - these

wolves bred with coyotes instead.

Recent research has found that wolves and coyotes in North America diverged from a common

ancestor about 50,000 years ago, which really isn't that long when we're talking about

the history of a species.

Since wolves and coyotes are still genetically similar, they're able to produce offspring

that are fertile themselves.

And here is where things really start to get complicated, BUT FIRST.

Genetic studies based off of museum specimens tell us an enormous amount of information

about the evolutionary history of any number of groups: for example, North American canids.

That genetic material is in the form of tissue samples taken from each individual specimen

when they're prepared for the collection, and then placed in little vials and kept in

cryogenic storage tanks, frozen in liquid nitrogen.

Study of the evolutionary relationships and history of species is called phylogenetics,

and it uses data collected from specimens in museums, including the study of their sequenced

genomes, to build evolutionary trees.

A genome is the complete genetic material of an organism.

The genomes from several wolves and coyotes in a recent study has allowed scientists to

look at information from 1,000 ancestors of these populations from 20 generations of wolves

and coyotes- resulting in thousands of years of historical information.

In this way, genomes are like time machines, helping us to understand evolutionary ancestry.

But a genome can only tell us so much: other questions are answered by looking

at individual specimens.

The Field Museum has one of the largest collections of full wolf skeletons in the world.

For a time, mammalogists believed that most questions about an organism could be answered

by looking at its pelt and its skull alone - not always examining the other bones in

its body.

And that's pretty convenient, 'cuz big skeletons take up a lot of space in drawers,

so they could store more specimens if they only kept the skull.

It's also true that examining a skull's unique characteristics like teeth and inner

ear bones, as well as its overall shape and size, can help scientists differentiate one

species from another.

Here at The Field Museum, assistant collections manager and taxidermist Tom Gnoske has been

taking in animals like wolves and coyotes for decades.

These specimens, with their pelts and complete skeletons, have provided important information

for recent studies.

And they help us understand the transformations of native dogs in north america over the last

tens to hundreds of thousands of years.

He recently invited me up to the prep lab to see for myself.

Emily: Can you talk a little bit about the process of making a case skin, and why we

decided to go that route instead?

Tom: It's sort of a traditional taxidermy - and, one being that you'd leave the claws

in on the one side- and you'd leave the last digit with the skeleton on the other

side, so that you'd get the maximum potential benefit or use out of each specimen.

Some of those things we were just doing because it may be valuable to somebody.

Emily: What is really separating these two, and making them "different"?

Tom: Where you really see that is when you look at domestic dogs.

Even the dog that you may think is tall- they've got very significant proportional difference

to a coyote and a wolf.

But when you see them with their skin off, they're like machines.

Their ligaments and their tendons are massive, their nails are massive, their teeth are massive.

You see - in the process of preparing them- and you do enough of them, you start to see

patterns over- like, over the first twenty of them, I started thinking, god, these are

really different than domestic dogs.

Emily: We have got a ton of footage of the skinning process for these two specimens

and we're going to post that in a separate video because we know how much you guys like

that stuff, but first we have got to get up to date on the status of wolves and coyotes.

In 2012, US Fish and Wildlife published a monograph detailing just how many different

kinds of wolves had lived, or now live in the United States, because honestly the literature

on the topic is all over the place.

Up until that point, the most comprehensive reviews had determined 2 species of wolves

- the gray wolf and the red wolf - and between 8 and 27 different subspecies in North America.

Like, talk about a lack of consensus, but this review in 2012 confirmed that a proposed

third species - the eastern wolf - was unique enough to be valid, too.

Although now… that may no longer be the case.

A paper published last year looked at the genomes of both red wolves and eastern wolves,

and discovered that these two types have more coyote DNA than wolf DNA in them.

The authors argue, red and eastern wolves are not distinct lineages of wolves: what

makes them unique is that they're hybrids.

The genomic study showed that eastern wolves were really just half gray wolf, half coyote-

the red wolves were comprised of 75% coyote DNA.

There are real-world consequences for this confusion.

Government protection right now in the US are based on clear, definite taxonomy,

and right now, there is no clear, definite taxonomy.

The Endangered Species Act has no policy for hybrids.

Even if hybrids were recognized, how much DNA from an endangered species would you need

to qualify for protection?

Half… or a quarter?

Twelve percent?

And it's impossible to prevent hybridization from occurring in the wild without concerted

efforts to manage these, uh, encounters. Maybe in this case, hybridization is simply a natural

response to the dramatic changes we've inflicted on the ecosystems of both coyotes and wolves.

Larry: Legal systems don't do well with complexity.

Emily: (laughs) No.

Larry: They don't do well with change.

Emily: What does that mean for conservation and research?

Larry: A couple of examples: the Upper Peninsula of Michigan is recognized as having wolves.

The lower peninsula of Michigan has animals that look a lot like wolves, and sound like

wolves, and function like them to a pretty fair degree -- but they probably are thirty,

forty, maybe fifty percent coyote.

There had been research done by the Michigan DNR up to the point of discovering that they

were significantly hybridizing with coyotes.

And at that point - because of the way the state laws and budget restrictions are written

- they could not do any more research on them, because they're not wolves.

They're hybrids.

Emily: So you get the results back and it says, congratulations, you have a wolf-coyote

hybrid- and then it's just like a hot potato?

They've just got to drop it and walk away?

Larry: Apparently, that's the way -- at least to some significant degree - that's

the way that it's worked.

Emily: If the ESA doesn't recognized hybrids… then what are we really protecting?

The wolf we skinned in Montana had more 'pure' grey wolf DNA than the red wolf and the eastern

wolf, but it's the Mexican wolf subspecies that has the lowest amount of genetic diversity

because they're largely inbred through captive breeding programs in an effort to retain that

genetic purity.

And those programs have seen a lot of success, too.

The Brookfield Zoo in Chicago is one of many agencies involved in a captive

breeding and reintroduction program for the Mexican wolf- so, we went to go talk with

the zoo's associate curator of mammals, Joan Daniels, about their involvement in the project.

Joan Daniels: We built our new exhibit around the recovery program for the Mexican wolves,

and brought them in 2004.

Emily: So, how is the population doing today?

You said it's been doing a lot better than it has been historically.

Joan: It is doing a lot better but it's because of the recovery program, and the effort

of zoos in both Mexico and the United States- and the reintroduction program that was started

in the late 1990s has now become so successful that there's close to a hundred wolves that

have been reestablished in Arizona and New Mexico.

Emily: So, do you see this kind of model as the future of establishing populations, or reestablishing

populations?

Joan: It's a really good model, and as you said in North America we have a number

of wolf subspecies that are endangered- and having them out of the environment, really

affects the environment.

We need wolves in our ecosystems.

Emily: But just because red wolves and eastern wolves have a good amount of coyote DNA in

their genes doesn't mean they're not worthy of protection, too: after all, a portion of

their genetic makeup is from a species that remains endangered, at least in numbers.

Today, there are no population numbers of wolves in the U.S anywhere near what

they were pre-eradication; in 2015, U.S. Fish and Wildlife estimated there were around 5,500

wolves in the lower 48 states.

And in January, they proposed an updated recovery plan for the last 50 red wolves in North Carolina

- so there are still conservation efforts moving ahead.

The complications in this situation are bred from the same issues that resulted in the elimination of

wolves in the first place- and that is, for better or worse, we are trying to control

nature, either through the directed elimination of a species, or by the strict management

of it's population growth.

Hybridization events continue to crop up in wolf populations around the U.S. faster than

can be detected through monitoring programs and genomic studies.

Because the legal framework for protection for these animals is so rigidly based off

of very clear taxonomic lines that don't always exist, movement or progress in any direction

within that structure is difficult, if not completely impossible.

Despite hitting walls when it comes to securing research funding for studying hybrids, or

an inability to draw legal boundary lines around a species' protections, one

thing is certain: the stream of science is relentless.

Larry: Science attempts to tell us what is.

Science doesn't deal with what "should" be.

That's a decision that we make.

Science provides us with information.

We then decide what to do with that information.

These are issues that we are going to have to grapple with as a society- and decide how

we're going to modify our rigid laws, which - in order to be clear and applicable - have

to be rigid.

Emily: Hey!

This episode of The Brain Scoop was produced and directed by Brandon Brungard and Sheheryar

Ahsan, with production assistant help by our intern Laurel Tilton, and it was written and

hosted by yours truly.

We had collections access and research help from Larry Heaney, Tom Gnoske, Kayleigh Kueffner,

Lauren Smith, Caleb McMahan, Roland Kays, and Gretchen Rings.

We had help here at the Brookfield Zoo by Sondra Katzen and Joan Daniels- and The Brain

Scoop is brought to you by The Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois.

I think I got everybody!

… it still has brains on it.

For more infomation >> Wolves can be a bit Coy - Duration: 16:44.

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Parise - Eu e Minha Família/Doutor (música) - Duration: 3:26.

For more infomation >> Parise - Eu e Minha Família/Doutor (música) - Duration: 3:26.

-------------------------------------------

Why Does a Word Sometimes Lose All Meaning? - Duration: 4:39.

Vegetable.

Vegetable vegetable vegetable vegetable vegetable.

Don't worry, I'm not trying to brainwash you into eating your veggies or anything.

I'm trying to induce semantic satiation: that thing where if you repeat something enough

times, it starts to lose all meaning.

Sure, maybe that's not the most productive way to spend my time — but!

This effect can tell you a whole lot about how your brain reacts when you ask it to process

the same thing over and over and over and over…

Semantic satiation was first reported in academic literature in the early 1900s by British psychologist

Edward Titchener.

He described losing the meaning of a word as puzzling and a morsel frightening, which

is a very 1900s way of putting it, but is also pretty accurate.

It is kind of scary when a word you use all the time suddenly seems foreign and strange.

Soon, psychologists started studying the effect through case studies and smaller experiments.

But it wasn't until more recently that we really started to get an idea of what causes

it.

So, why does the meaning of repeated words just ... slip right out of your head?

Well, every time you say the word "vegetable", you activate the associated node – the area

of your brain responsible for storing the concept of what a vegetable is.

And when you repeat the word, you activate the node again and again.

Asking that node to activate so many times in just a few seconds is kind of like asking

your brain to sprint really hard and just... keep… going.

It might start off well, but after a while the node gets fatigued, and every activation

that you force by saying the word vegetable yet again is that much harder to make happen.

When a node gets tired like that, it's called reactive inhibition, and that's where the

"satiation" in semantic satiation comes from.

While that node is inhibited, you can't use it to draw meaning out of the word "vegetable"

until it recovers.

Even weirder, because of this node arrangement, when you satiate one word, it can also become

harder to draw meaning from other related words and concepts.

A great example of this comes from research published back in 1990:

Participants were asked to satiate a word that represented a category, like the word

"furniture", by repeating it 30 times.

Then they were presented with two related words, like "chair" and "table", and

asked to identify whether the words belonged to the same category as each other.

Even though they weren't directly analyzing the word "furniture", subjects who'd

repeated it 30 times were slower to identify whether or not the two words were related

— probably because they had a harder time accessing the meaning of things related to

furniture.

People in the control group, who only repeated "furniture" 3 times, didn't have those

problems.

Their furniture node wasn't tired out, so they could access the meanings of related

words just fine.

So if you repeat the word "vegetable" enough times, you might also have trouble

processing the word "carrot" or "pepper".

But satiation can affect more than just words.

Other studies have shown that satiating emotional words, like "happiness" or "anger"

can impair your ability to recognize those emotions in facial expressions for a while.

In one study from 2012, for example, 60 college students looked at a set of faces until they

were familiar with them.

Then they were divided into a control and an experimental group.

At the beginning of each trial, they were asked to repeat the word for an emotion, like

"happiness".

The control group only repeated the word 3 times, but the experimental group repeated

it 30 times, taking them firmly into semantic satiation territory.

Both groups were then shown a face displaying that emotion — so if they'd been repeating

the word "happiness", the researchers would show them a happy face.

After a pause, they'd show them two versions of that happy face.

One would be slightly happy, and one would be very happy.

Think a "Huh, I look great today" face versus an "Oh my gosh, we're getting a

puppy?!"

face.

One of those two pictures matched the first one the subjects saw, and they had to identify

the matching one.

And the experimental group who'd repeated emotional words 30 times took longer to identify

the matching picture.

Repeating words like "happiness", "fear", and "anger" made it harder for them to

access the entire concept of that emotion — including what it looks like as a facial

expression.

So, the next time you're trying to cram for a quiz by repeating all those new words

you've gotta learn, just remember that your brain has limits.

Maybe let it take a breather in between rehearsing words over and over and over and over.

And if the word "vegetable" is starting to sound as weird to you as it is to me, well

… at least our brains are getting confused together.

Thanks for watching this episode of Scishow Psych, and a big thank you to our patrons on Patreon

who made it possible.

If you liked it, feel free to give us a thumbs up, and if you want to keep exploring psychology

with us, hit that subscribe button.

Until next time!