[coo]
[coo]
[coo]
[coo]
[heavy breathing]
[heavy breathing cont'd.]
[coo]
[heavy breathing cont'd.]
[squeek]
[coo]
[coo]
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00:01 an ordinary solitary animal is about to
00:05 meet the ultimate in society
00:10 [Music]
00:12 with their guards in their infantry
00:14 African army ants march across the
00:16 forest floor and the slug is in their
00:19 path it's a thousand times bigger than
00:22 any single ant but it hasn't got a
00:25 chance because the ants are an
00:27 organization no ant is just an ad each
00:34 one is a small working part of something
00:36 huge each one is connected to all the
00:39 others they're all sisters this
00:44 sisterhood is society taken as far as it
00:47 can go and it makes for one of the
00:49 world's most unrelenting predators
01:01 [Music]
01:15 [Music]
01:21 you
01:34 the canopy of a rainforest in Australia
01:41 the vegetation is fresh and vigorous it
01:45 offers few natural protective cavities
01:47 few ready-made hollows for animals to
01:50 nest in so the ants that live up here
01:58 quarter inch long Weaver ants have to
02:01 make their nests themselves they build
02:05 them out of leaves they turn the leaves
02:08 into green chambers with floors walls
02:10 and ceilings the way they do it is with
02:14 glue first some of the ants turn
02:19 themselves into living safety pins
02:21 pulling the leaves together and holding
02:23 them there that's one team next come the
02:30 weavers they pick up larvae they're yet
02:33 unformed little sisters take them to the
02:35 seams and use them like living shuttles
02:38 tiny glue guns they stimulate them to
02:41 secrete threads of sticky web like silk
02:44 that holds the leaves together without
02:49 any apparent supervision the ants know
02:51 exactly where to clamp the leaves and
02:53 where to apply the silk there are half a
02:57 million ants in the colony but they
02:59 behave as though they were all part of a
03:00 single mind each one doing what's needed
03:03 in the right way to build a complex of
03:06 chambers and corridors out of living
03:09 leaves
03:14 what kind of animals are these what kind
03:18 of intelligence what is an ant
03:22 it's an insect a social insect in the
03:25 same group as the bees and wasps a human
03:29 weighs about 10 million times more than
03:32 an individual ant but since ants far
03:36 outnumber people all the ants in the
03:39 world weigh about as much as all the
03:40 people but while there's only one
03:44 species of human there are thousands of
03:46 different species of ant each one is a
03:52 finely tuned specialist exquisitely
03:54 adapted to its own particular
03:56 environmental niche but all species of
04:00 ant have the same basic body design it's
04:03 the best one for their miniature world
04:05 but it's a design that has kept them
04:08 small as insects they have six legs and
04:15 three body segments edie thorax and
04:18 abdomen and like all insects ants wear
04:23 their skeletons on the outside this
04:26 exoskeleton is a hard waterproof armor
04:28 it supports and protects and spring
04:33 through their sides through valves
04:35 called sphericals or the open air rushes
04:39 in circulates through a network of tubes
04:41 and then rushes out again every cell
04:44 gets its oxygen delivered direct
04:48 that's the internal air-conditioning
04:51 system and also have a disinfecting
04:53 system a pair of metal floral glands
04:56 that use antibiotic and keep both aunt
04:59 and colony free of germs only ants have
05:02 this ants in fact a little chemical
05:06 factories a whole battery of glands
05:08 produce chemical signals or pheromones
05:10 that are the commands in ant
05:12 communication and send messages by
05:15 laying a trail of these chemicals and
05:19 other ants picked them up with their
05:22 antennae which are covered in tiny
05:23 sensory organs capable of leaving the
05:26 complex chemical messages then there are
05:32 the eyes they are made up of hundreds of
05:34 small lenses that produce a mosaic image
05:37 of the world and an straws or mandibles
05:44 are its main tools molded from the hard
05:47 exoskeleton they come in every shape
05:49 imaginable their size and design can
05:52 tell us a lot about an ants lifestyle
05:55 [Music]
06:01 mandibles are as important to an add as
06:03 our hands are to us depending on the
06:07 species they can serve as anything from
06:09 scissors to forklifts to pliers really
06:19 appreciating the variety among ants
06:21 means looking at them close-up professor
06:24 Edward Wilson of Harvard University has
06:26 been looking at ants for most of his
06:28 life it's easy to think that all ants
06:33 look alike I mean after all we're
06:34 looking at them from way up here way
06:37 down there you know like Godzilla
06:39 looking at the inhabitants of New York
06:40 City but in fact these little creatures
06:44 are strikingly different from one
06:46 another one species to the neck one hand
06:49 is typically is different from another
06:51 kind event as a wool
06:54 from a tiger or even a rhinoceros
06:58 [Music]
07:02 about 10,000 species of ants are known
07:05 to science and there are probably 10,000
07:08 more waiting to be discovered
the 07:14
largest and most abundant group is the 07:16
padule-- ants 07:17
[Music] 07:22
for the past 10 years professor Wilson 07:24
has been studying drawing and describing 07:27
the 625 species that make up this group 07:30
[Music] 07:34
over half our new species and he is the 07:38
first person to really see them in 07:39
detail among them he has discovered ants 07:44
with weird and wonderful adaptations let 07:49
me give you an example two of the 07:51
species that I'm describing right now 07:53
have anatomical features which are just 07:57
amazing this is a species which has five 08:01
count'em five horns on the front of the 08:05
head it uses a guess as the battering 08:07
device has two horns shaking out here 08:10
two horns sticking out there and then a 08:12
horn sticking item nose out the middle 08:15
this was so unusual that I named it idly 08:19
marabous the miracle I'd only maybe I 08:23
got carried away a bit with that but I 08:25
thought it was truly a wonderful one 08:26
here's another one this species has a 08:30
plate shaped head I mean just totally 08:32
different from this other one 08:33
it has big bristles all around the head 08:37
but also conspicuously sticking out from 08:40
around the mouth like a moustache this 08:42
one I decided the name by doli missed 08:45
tax this tax means moustache a moustache 08:48
by doing 08:52
[Music] 08:58
get close enough to ants and they might 09:00
almost be from another planet-- they 09:03
have evolved shapes and structures 09:05
beyond human imagining
the one thing all 09:27
ants have in common is Society these are
09:36 wood ants they're foragers predators
09:41 that go out find food and bring it back
09:43 to the nest
even though each ant is 09:53
strong capable of carrying twice her own 09:56
bodyweight a lot of the prey is just too 09:59
big for one end in which case there's 10:04
teamwork it's not sighs it's not speed 10:09
it's not even strength that makes ants 10:11
what they are it's this the team worth 10:13
hundreds of thousands of cooperating 10:16
insects spreading through the woodland 10:18
like a huge digestive tract pulling 10:20
anything edible towards the gut of their 10:22
nest 10:24
[Music] 10:29
the nurse workers inside the nest don't 10:32
go out to hunt for food they stay in the 10:35
darkness underground ants cannot eat 10:41
solids these foragers feed on the body 10:44
fluids of their prey each takes what 10:47
food it needs for itself the rest is 10:49
stored in a part of its got called the 10:51
social stomach this food is for sharing 10:55
it is fed to the nurse workers and it's 10:59
done with a sort of a kiss the ants loft
11:08 jaws and liquid is passed drop by drop
11:10 from the feeder ant into the mouths of
11:13 her hungry sister
one of the strengths 11:23
of an ant colony is the individual ants 11:25
dispense ability killing a colony by 11:28
killing the workers is all but 11:30
impossible but one ant in the colony is 11:34
absolutely vital the queen by using the 11:39
sperm she stored when she mated she's 11:41
the mother of everyone and everyone's 11:44
future an ant manufacturing machine at 11:47
the head of a conveyor belt of eggs eggs 11:51
are cared for by the nurse workers these 11:55
wood ant eggs stick together so that 11:57
they can be carried easily as a bundle 12:02
the creature that emerges from an ant 12:04
egg looks nothing like an ant 12:07
what hatches out is the ants larval form 12:10
the baby stage an eating machine 12:13
designed solely for growing and as it 12:17
grows it sheds its skin to reveal a new 12:19
skin underneath three or four times this 12:22
happens until finally the eating stops 12:25
and the larva prepares for the next 12:27
stage of its life this is the pupae and 12:32
developing inside the protective silk 12:35
sleeping bag is a recognizable ant all
12:44 through this process the nurse ants take
12:46 care of their younger sisters producing
12:49 a steady stream of fresh female but
12:51 sterile workers but once a year every
12:56 year they produce another kind of AD
12:59 ants with wings ants capable of sex
13:05 they're the males and fertile females
13:08 that will spread the colony's
13:09 inheritance far beyond this nest there
13:16 would make the ants invincible
13:22 one day in July in northern Arizona one
13:26 colony of harvester ants is doing what
13:28 all the harvester ant colonies in
13:30 northern Arizona are doing today
13:32 launching
a once-a-year royal brood come 13:40
above ground and begin to fly and to 13:44
find individuals from other colonies and 13:47
to mate it's a scramble as the male's 13:50
battled to fertilize the young potential 13:52
Queens and then having done the only
14:01 thing in life they were ever meant to do
14:02 the male's died all of them young Queens
14:09 died too in great numbers but some find
14:12 just the right kind of fresh ground dig
14:15 in and start laying the eggs that will
14:17 give rise to new colonies
14:23 how did a system like this come to be
14:27 once in the early days of the earth
14:29 insects we're the only land animals they
14:34 were also the only animals in the air at
14:39 least a hundred million years before
14:40 birds and bats appeared on the
14:42 evolutionary scene insects had wings
14:50 and one of those was a wasp a solitary
14:53 wasp
14:54 living like many wasps that still exist
14:56 today stinging and leaving prey
14:59 paralyzed or its offspring to eat in
15:03 time some of these wasps started
15:05 building their nests in clusters
15:07 probably to help deter predators they
15:10 were still essentially solitary though
15:12 and their offspring left the nest as
15:14 soon as they could fly
15:22 then millions of years later appeared
15:25 wasps whose offspring daughters didn't
15:28 fly the nest they grew up there and
15:32 helped their mother raise more daughters
15:33 they became purely their mother's
15:36 helpers and didn't themselves reproduce
15:40 [Music]
15:45 over time these wasps began to look more
15:48 like ants they lost their wings and
15:51 evolved the disinfectant glands so that
15:53 cramped underground living wasn't in
15:55 invitation to disease they hung on to
15:59 their powerful wasp jaws and stings
16:01 though and were among the fiercest
16:03 predators around by the time the
16:05 dinosaurs appeared ants not only saw a
16:09 lot of individual dinosaurs come and go
16:11 they saw the end of the whole dinosaur
16:14 dynasty and ants have been ruling the
16:17 world ever since
16:25 if the ability to communicate has made
16:28 human society what it is it's done the
16:30 same for ant society professor Edward
16:33 Wilson I'm often asked do ants really
16:37 communicate with one another and the
16:38 answer is of course they do tiny animals
16:42 that live in the ground almost have to
16:44 communicate with chemicals when you're
16:46 that small you're in the dark a lot of
16:49 the time in closed spaces it's very
16:51 difficult obviously to communicate by
16:53 sight so it's difficult to evolve
16:56 systems who allow you to communicate by
16:58 sound the ants have elaborated a
17:02 chemical communication system probably
17:05 the most complex in the animal kingdom
17:07 and as close to what might be the kind
17:11 of communication system we would find on
17:14 another planet in one of the early
17:18 experiments I succeeded in locating but
17:22 gland at the end of the body the abdomen
17:26 of the fire ant a colony of which I have
17:29 here and extracting the material the
17:33 ants use to lay odour trails that they
17:36 follow when this substance is laid is an
17:40 artificial trail it speaks volumes to
17:43 the ants
17:44 although ants communicate using vision
17:46 vibration and touch at least 90 percent
17:49 is chemical
17:54 one milligram of this chemical could
17:57 lead at column of ants three times
17:58 around the world it is a sophisticated
18:03 language of smell an entire vocabulary
18:06 of chemical signals and messages ants
18:11 detect smells in a way that is obvious
18:15 when you think about it and they do it
18:18 with their feelers and tinny these
18:20 appendages on the head that are
18:23 constantly in motion sweeping back and
18:25 forth and up and down bristling these
18:29 are bristling with organs of smell that
18:33 are very sophisticated in detecting wide
18:36 ranges of minut traces of chemicals they
18:41 can sweep the antennae in and out of
18:43 order field and know where to go
18:46 according to where the smell is coming
18:47 from and they're very sophisticated in
18:50 distinguishing large numbers of
18:53 chemicals that way one use for the
18:56 exquisite sense of smell is to tell
18:58 insider from outsider all the members of
19:02 this Weaver ant colony smell the same
19:04 Weaver ants from other colonies even
19:07 though they're the same species and look
19:09 exactly the same smell subtly different
19:14 what happens to an ant with that
19:17 difference is not subtle it doesn't
19:28 matter what you look like as long as
19:30 you've got that membership smell a fact
19:34 a jumping spider dines out on
19:36 [Music]
19:39 it has evolved the ability to mimic the
19:42 smell of the Weaver ant colony it lives
19:44 with then it can roam freely among the
19:47 ants
19:47 picking and choosing juicy meals the
19:53 soft fat larvae are best
a weaver ant 20:12
confronts what as far as she's concerned 20:14
is one of her sisters the ants just 20:17
doing the job carrying a larva from one 20:20
place to another and here's a sister ant 20:27
that's bigger and stronger than it ought 20:29
to be and doing something it really 20:33
ought not to be doing but the smell is 20:39
kosher and while there's cause for 20:40
confusion there's none for alarm 20:44
despite the occasional counterfeiter 20:46
though smell is overwhelmingly useful to 20:50
an ant except here it's no use at all in 20:58
the Eastern Sahara where delicate odors 21:00
are instantly burnt up by the Sun but 21:04
that doesn't stop these ants called 21:06
catalysis from foraging nothing stops 21:09
them not temperatures of a hundred and 21:11
thirty degrees and not burning sand the 21:15
ants scavenge for creatures that have 21:16
succumbed to heat exhaustion when food 21:18
is found the ant must return home as 21:21
quickly as possible 21:22
to avoid a similar death getting lost 21:24
could be lethal but how do they find 21:28
their way around that's what this team 21:32
of Zurich University students working 21:34
under professor rüdiger Vayner is 21:36
trying to find out 21:40
it may look as if they're getting ready 21:43
for a game of giant chess but it's 21:47
really like giant grass paper 21:55
and it's used to follow and record the 21:57
desert ants as they search for food 22:02
it has to be done at the hottest time of 22:04
day because that's the only time the 22:06
ants come out 22:10
what it shows is that when an ant is 22:13
looking for food it may Anders and stops 22:16
a great deal but when it finds something 22:18
it heads home in a straight line so how 22:24
does it know where home is 22:26
remember there's no chemical trail to 22:29
reminded of the direction professor
22:36 Boehner has been studying category
22:37 facades for 20 years developing his
22:40 theory that it's something to do with
22:42 the light what's more it's something to
22:44 do with the sky professor banners
22:49 trolley filled orange filtered changes
22:51 the way the ant sees this guy what I'm
22:57 doing here is to investigate how the
22:59 ants find the direction home for this
23:02 they have to use a compass much as we
23:04 use a magnetic compass to find our
23:06 direction home but the ends they use a
23:08 skylight canvas the canvas based on a
23:10 pattern in the sky that is invisible to
23:12 us if you look up to the sky for you
23:15 it's uniformly blue but the ant sees a
23:20 pattern is tractor in the sky and this
23:22 structure is called physically the
23:24 pattern of polarized light
23:26 using their skylight navigation system
23:29 the ants are able to determine
23:30 accurately all the points of the compass
23:36 and as the ants run across the hot sand
23:39 they stop regularly to take note of the
23:41 changing patterns in the sky but just
23:44 how much sky professor Bainer wondered
23:46 does the ant need to see with this year
23:49 orange pill that we see mounted on this
23:51 thali we can destroy this pattern for
23:53 the end but we would then leave a tiny
23:56 opening in this filter so that the
23:59 animal can see a small glimpse of this
24:01 whole pattern and we are amazed to see
24:03 that the animals are still oriented even
24:06 if the information is restricted to such
24:08 a small area of this type but is the sky
24:17 for the ants use
24:26 this experiment is to show that the ants
24:29 pinpoint the exact location of their
24:32 nest entrance using visual landmarks on
24:34 the ground these are very obvious
24:37 landmarks something for an ant to
24:39 remember
the ant needs to find its way 24:49
home to its nest and followed by its
24:57 student minder kid zigs and zags its way
25:00 across the desert as it heads for home
25:07 it has a memory of what its nest
25:10 entrance looks like a visual snapshot
25:12 stored in its head it constantly
25:16 searches to match this image with what
25:18 it actually sees and when the match is
25:24 made
25:27 home cannot be far away
not all ants are 25:35
predators or scavengers 25:39
these are the leafcutter ants of Central 25:42
and South America 25:43
and they're a farming community and they 25:46
were farming 50 million years before we 25:49
ever were 25:53
they don't farm the plants whose leaves 25:56
they're actually cutting now these are 25:58
wild plants growing within a 200 yard 26:01
radius of the ants nest the ants cut out 26:04
sections of leaves and carry them like 26:06
sails to the nest they're the leaves are 26:13
handed over to other ants which clean 26:16
them and cut them into smaller pieces 26:18
they're then chewed into a mulch which 26:21
is passed on to the smallest ants deep 26:23
underground they spread the mulch so 26:27
that a fungus can grow on it and this 26:29
fungus is what the ants eat the farm 26:32
workers tend it with all the care of 26:34
human farmers they plant it fertilize it 26:38
weed it harvest it and feed it to the 26:41
other ants it's a complicated operation
26:50 and it takes specialists to run it there
26:53 is a definite division of labor
26:55 [Music]
26:57 the tiniest ants spend their whole lives
26:59 in the small dark chambers planting the
27:02 fungus next up are the mulches then the
27:09 chores the largest workers are the
27:14 porters the outdoor ants that cut the
27:17 leaves and carry them and then the
27:20 soldiers which don't labor but simply
27:22 stand by to defend the nest and the very
27:25 biggest is the source of all the ants
27:28 the mother of the colony the Queen each
27:33 individual is created for its role
27:36 specialists on an assembly line that is
27:38 supremely efficient
27:40 [Music]
27:45 many plants make poisons they do it to
27:48 protect themselves
but because the leaf 27:57
cutter is fungus is able to neutralize 27:59
most plant poisons the ants themselves 28:02
will take almost anything back to the 28:04
nest it's a big advantage they can cut 28:07
whatever is handy but there's a
28:14 fail-safe just in case some plant makes
28:17 a poison that the fungus can't handle
28:18 the porters are always careful to stay
28:21 two separate pathways to deliver to
28:23 separate entrances and separate car
28:25 yards
28:27 [Music]
28:37 so if something deadly is introduced to
28:40 the nest it only ever affects part of
28:43 the color
28:43 [Music]
28:48 and if part of the colony dies it
28:51 doesn't matter the colony just expands
28:54 in another direction
another potential 29:03
problem is wild fungi the ants have 29:06
created perfect conditions for their own 29:07
domesticated variety to keep a hardy 29:10
wild species from invading and taking 29:12
over they apply weed killer it comes 29:15
from the meta floral glands the same 29:17
glands that all ants used to suppress 29:19
bacteria humans fight bacteria too but 29:24
the bacteria mutate to resist human 29:27
antibiotics almost as fast as scientists 29:29
can find new ones can ants help 29:32
Professor Andrew Beatty of Australia's 29:34
Macquarie University think so 29:37
we started by asking a very simple but 29:40
very powerful question and that is where 29:43
would you expect antibiotics to have 29:46
evolved and one answer is amongst 29:50
animals that like us like human beings 29:52
have evolved to live in highly organized 29:56
societies where contagious disease takes 29:59
hold very easily and very quickly and of 30:02
course that applies equally to people 30:04
and to ants one of the big problems 30:08
about ants of course is that most of 30:11
them are very tiny and so we were 30:13
looking for the biggest possible ones to 30:15
start our research and the Australian 30:17
bulent is one of the biggest in the 30:19
world 30:25
this inch-long ant also has very large 30:28
jaws and a very nasty sting so the 30:31
researchers first had to devise a way to 30:33
keep everybody out of trouble a wild 30:41
bull ant is virtually germ-free the 30:44
antibiotic nature of the liquid that 30:46
oozes from its metaphor glands keeps it 30:48
free of bacterial and fungal infections 30:51
and much cleaner than human skin 30:56
although the bull ant is a big ant the 30:59
opening to the meta plural gland is very 31:02
small a microscope a steady hand and a 31:05
micro fine glass pipette are what's 31:08
needed to draw off the liquid 31:22
once enough is collected the ant is 31:25
returned unharmed if a little dazed to 31:28
her colony in the lab the secretion is 31:35
tested on a range of bugs that cause 31:37
diseases and infections in humans it's 31:40
been shown to kill bacteria that are 31:42
resistant to many common antibiotics in 31:44
a world where new antibiotics are hard 31:47
to find 31:48
ants would seem to have a promising 31:50
future recently word has got around 31:56
about our research and I had a phone 31:59
call from an Aboriginal woman who told 32:01
the fascinating story of growing up in 32:03
the bush when she was a child if she got 32:06
a cut or a gash her mother would take a 32:09
piece of clean cloth and throw it onto a 32:11
bull ants nest and stir it around and 32:14
get them really angry then when the 32:17
cloth was covered in these enraged 32:19
animals she would take it off with a 32:21
stick and shake them off and then she 32:24
would use the cloth to bind the wound 32:26
and this clearly suggests that she 32:29
understood the healing properties of 32:32
bullets and from this point of view I 32:35
feel that our discovery is in fact 32:37
really a rediscovery 32:44
the native Australians first came to 32:47
this continent about 40,000 years ago 32:50
some say 32:51
80,000 32:54
they know the land 32:59
I know for instance that ants collecting 33:01
nectar from older trees have a secret 33:04
[Music] 33:11
it's a secret that gets the ants through 33:14
the hard dry times which is most of the 33:17
time in the vast interior of Australia 33:20
they store the Mulder nectar in 33:23
underground pots living pots they're 33:29
ants whose existence serves one purpose 33:31
to receive nectar from their sisters and 33:34
fill their abdomens with it they don't 33:37
drink much of it themselves they just 33:39
keep it and regurgitate it when it's 33:41
needed hanging from the roof of their 33:44
underground nest like subterranean grape 33:46
vines and the native Australians know 33:52
how to harvest them the women look for 33:55
the tell-tale signs taught to them by 33:57
their grandmothers and when they see 33:59
them on the surface they dig it's hard 34:04
work grounds dry and the storage ants 34:07
which are called honeypot ants are about 34:09
four feet down 34:18
[Music] 34:19
it takes hours sometimes and great skill 34:30
the bigger has to dig down beside the 34:33
storage chamber not through it which 34:36
would destroy it and the honey pots have 34:43
to be prised out gently so that they 34:45
don't first careful handling ensures few
34:53 honey sacks are broken
in the end the 35:05
energy spent digging out the ants is 35:07
probably greater than the energy gained 35:09
from eating them but this is a place 35:15
where natural sugar is rarer than 35:17
uranium and wherever it is you happen to 35:20
live you need a treat sometimes an 35:26
English woodland it's not the warmest 35:30
place in the world and the wood ants 35:32
that live here have to build their nests 35:34
with that in mind as insects ants are 35:41
cold-blooded animals which really means 35:44
that they're the same temperature as the 35:46
air around them but wood ants have ways 35:49
of fending that rule they use 35:52
architecture batching lots of thatching 35:55
pine needles leaf stems and twigs that 35:58
to them are the size of tree trunks they 36:01
pile the stuff up and a mound about 3 36:03
feet high and shaped so that it absorbs 36:06
maximum warmth from the Sun but the ants 36:11
have a way of raising the temperature 36:12
inside the mound even further when the 36:15
sun shining the ants come outside and 36:18
sunbathe they soak up the heat and take 36:21
it down inside the nest with them using 36:23
their bodies as little radiators 36:34
the wood ants turn a stack of twigs into 36:37
a world with its own independent climate 36:39
there are even internal variations with 36:43
the warmest parts in the center one 36:46
reason the heat is necessary is that the 36:48
delicate larvae have to be kept at a 36:50
more or less constant 74 degrees and as 36:54
the heat in the nest goes up and down 36:56
and shifts throughout the mound the 36:58
nurse ants carrying the larvae have to 37:01
keep chasing that perfect temperature 37:02
from chamber to chamber what wood ants 37:07
have done for themselves is to open up 37:09
natural barriers their heating system 37:12
means that they can live in parts of the 37:14
world that by rights are too cold for 37:16
ants another kind of forest a tropical
37:26 one in Australia and hanging high in the
37:30 canopy and made of glued together leaves
37:32 a nest of rattle ants
37:42 inside it looks like aunt
37:44 business-as-usual if it weren't for the
37:47 green floor these could be any ants
37:49 underground except what are these big
37:53 things they're not larvae at least not
37:55 of ants this is a caterpillar the small
37:59 oak blue butterfly and it has a little
38:01 nozzle on its back from it comes a
38:04 nourishing liquid called honeydew which
38:06 the ants collect like dairy farmers by
38:09 being useful to the ants the
38:11 caterpillars gain their protection and
38:13 they're useful for more than just their
38:15 honeydew up on the roof danger the
38:21 caterpillar seems to sense the spider it
38:23 signals on the leaf floor
38:26 the ants become agitated and prepare for
38:29 battle flexing themselves and getting
38:33 their weapons ready a peek out to see
38:37 what the actual danger is a spider and
38:44 then it's all mandibles on deck they
38:49 spray at it and drum the leaf making the
38:52 sound that gives rattle ants their name
38:55 [Applause]
38:59 exit spider there seems to be a thing
39:05 between ants and caterpillars the two
39:07 are often found together dr. Phil
39:10 DeVries of the University of Oregon has
39:13 studied caterpillar ant relationships
39:15 all over the world the interesting thing
39:18 about caterpillar and associations is
39:20 that quite literally everywhere in the
39:22 world and the butterfly caterpillars
39:25 associate with ants to gain protection
39:27 against predators mainly insect
39:29 predators the caterpillars produce a
39:34 food secretion to the ants and this is
39:35 the way they pay for their protection
39:37 it's like if you had a bodyguard you
39:40 have to pay the bodyguard to protect you
39:44 but the problem here is that if you're a
39:47 caterpillar and you're producing a
39:49 reward what stops the end
39:52 from simply going thank you very much
39:54 and turning around and going back to the
39:56 nest one of the more fascinating things
40:01 that the caterpillars use to keep pants
40:03 with them is that they produce a call so
40:08 you have singing caterpillars and you
40:09 have caterpillars singing to ants and
40:11 the sounds that they make are attractive
40:14 to the ant what's strange about these
40:18 sounds is that we cannot hear them the
40:21 calls the caterpillar makes do not
40:23 travel as sound through the air but as
40:25 vibrations through the solid plants down
40:29 the ants detect the vibrations using
40:32 unique sensors on their legs we need the
40:35 help of a special microphone so for
40:38 example this caterpillar if we take it
40:41 up and we put it on this membrane that I
40:44 have here we hear nothing now
40:48 but if you use the very sensitive
40:49 microphone and as you'll hear that
40:54 produces a call you can quite easily
41:01 hear the caterpillar singing
now think 41:12
about it how many caterpillar goes with 41:14
you hurt and what's neat is that every 41:16
morning there's a dawn chorus Caterpie 41:19
balls but nobody hears 41:23
[Applause] 41:31
it was while working in Panama on one 41:34
particular group of butterflies that 41:36
filled o breeze first discovered how the 41:37
caterpillars made their calls he noticed 41:44
that they had to rod like appendages 41:46
right above their head stuck into their 41:48
caller called vibratory papillae these 41:52
beat up and down on top of the head and 41:54
the head itself moves in and out the 42:01
papilla have pronounced rings and move 42:03
over small bumps like guitar picks on 42:06
the caterpillars head I was reminded 42:08
immediately of this which is the South 42:11
American self instrument called the 42:13
weasel 42:14
there's deep grooves in the appendage 42:17
like the Guido and simply that runs up 42:20
and down across the head producing a
42:27 call
the caterpillars with their calls 42:34
are effectively deceiving the ants 42:36
because the caterpillars are talking in 42:39
ant language and if there are 42:42
caterpillars on the moon that associate 42:44
with ants I'll bet they make calls too 42:48
so the caterpillars talk to the ants and 42:51
the ants protect them and milk them it's 42:53
a good deal for both except that somehow 42:56
the relationship between this 42:58
caterpillar and the rattle ads has 43:00
developed a strange twist the 43:02
caterpillar eats the ants larvae most 43:05
caterpillars eat leaves 43:06
and in a way it's lucky this one doesn't 43:08
or the ants would literally be out of 43:10
house and home but it does seem strange 43:12
when what amounts to your cow dines on 43:15
your children it's been going on for 43:18
millions of years though and both 43:20
species have obviously survived 43:25
Australian Weaver ants and a normally 43:28
fearsome spider that has wandered onto 43:30
the wrong leaf the ants don't care what 43:37
reputation a creature has if it comes 43:39
too close to their nest 43:40
it's simple cause and result they attack 43:44
I'm clinging to the leaf with special 43:46
claws on their feet in their victim down 43:49
carve it up and take it back to their 43:52
nest
what enables ants to behave this 44:05
way in perfect cooperation is that they 44:08
all have exactly the same instinctive 44:10
response to the same set of events the 44:12
programmed it's their strength but also 44:15
sometimes their weakness and this little 44:19
Thomasson spider which looks like 44:21
nothing compared to the monster spider 44:23
the answer just as metaled knows how to 44:26
hack into the ants program 44:33
[Music] 44:39
it not only smells like a Weaver ant it 44:42
looks something like one - the ants 44:44
tolerate its presence this spider does 44:49
not spin a web it has other ways of 44:52
hunting the lethal bite
45:08 [Music]
45:10 and the patient wait
45:26 [Music]
45:50 [Music]
45:52 ants with their social organization can
45:56 be the most effective predators on earth
45:58 but cross their wires and their
46:01 pushovers
some kinds of ants though are 46:20
never pushovers no predator would take 46:24
on these ants army ants there are about 46:30
half a million in this bivouac the whole 46:33
colony including somewhere in the middle 46:36
the Queen on the March these ants can 46:42
barely see blindly following chemical 46:45
trails laid down by their nest mates 46:47
they take everything edible in their 46:49
path and there's very little anything 46:52
else can do about it you could say 46:55
they're a mob but more organized and 46:57
more single-minded to the wasps watching 47:02
the pillage of their nest this colony 47:04
might be a huge amoeba with tendrils 47:06
spreading through the forest but more 47:09
than an amoeba too because each of these 47:11
ants has a brain not a very big brain 47:13
but all of their processing power added 47:16
together gives them a kind of collective 47:18
intelligence is that what ants are a big 47:21
many-legged brain professor Nigel 47:24
Frank's I think that what most impresses 47:28
people about apps is is just how 47:30
incredibly well organized they are at 47:32
the collective level at the colony level 47:34
and how incredibly determined they seem 47:37
to be because people think that they're 47:41
so well organized they think that they 47:42
must be organized as we are but even 47:45
more so in other words that they must 47:46
have really a rigid hierarchical control 47:49
with this key person deciding what 47:53
everyone ought to do and having a sort 47:55
of chain of command 47:56
tell me workers what they ought to be 47:57
doing 47:59
but most adds it seems are organized 48:01
from the bottom up rather than the top 48:03
down no one ant is in control the 48:08
individuals organize themselves it's 48:11
almost like anarchy that works it's a 48:15
formidable evolutionary strategy I think 48:19
what is interesting about elements is 48:20
that they're perhaps more likely to 48:22
start experimenting upon me if than I 48:24
was to start experimenting upon them so 48:27
what I chose to do was to look at a very 48:30
contrasting species and let the thorax 48:33
are I think one of the absolutely ideal 48:35
species to keep in the lab we've got 48:39
them nesting between glass plates in a 48:42
very small cavity here and the beauty of 48:44
this is that we can watch all the ants 48:47
all the time and really study their 48:49
behavior in tremendous detail and 48:51
they're just they're just really very 48:52
very nice ants I mean to get a feeling 48:54
for the scale of them I often imagine 48:56
that it would be nice to have a Carney 48:57
inside your watch if you took all the 48:59
gubbins that Connie could very easily 49:01
fit into a space like that what we're 49:04
interested in with this experiment is 49:06
how a Connie finds a new nest and how it 49:09
does all the operations to move into it 49:11
so what we do is simply typically out 49:14
onto this platform where there are no 49:16
nesting opportunities at all and one 49:19
scout will find the bridge and walk 49:21
across and we'll actually walk around 49:23
inside this beautiful 49:25
ideal home on this site and if it's 49:27
happy we'll go back to all its nest 49:29
mates and what it will do is quite 49:31
extraordinary we will actually pick up a 49:32
single worker and carry it all the way 49:34
back over the bridge and then they both 49:36
look round the new home and if they're 49:37
both happy the whole thing snowballs 49:39
until we've got this enormous stream of 49:42
traffic from the old colony to the new 49:45
one 49:47
[Music] 50:03
when the whole colony is safe inside the 50:06
new nest some of the workers begin 50:08
building a protective wall across the 50:10
entrance grains of sand become huge 50:15
boulders in the jaws of these tiny ants 50:20
each and indulges in what I call 50:23
bulldozing behavior where they 50:25
absolutely thrust the building block 50:28
into the wall and trundle it in 50:32
essentially they've built a very 50:34
beautiful retaining wall and they put it 50:36
in exactly the right place so even 50:38
though this might seem a very odd thing 50:40
for a scientist to look at we're looking 50:43
at how individual behaviors scale up to 50:46
something that is far more impressive 50:48
and actually I think that that's a 50:50
really major principle throughout the 50:52
whole of biology looking at how 50:54
simplicity at one level generates more 50:56
sophistication at a higher level 51:01
pants are supremely organized if there's 51:04
no hierarchy no one ant in command their 51:09
organization is unique answer always at 51:12
the grassroots of the problem they're 51:13
trying to solve each ant is part of the 51:16
decision-making process it's the way 51:19
they've been solving problems for a 51:21
hundred million years ants really are 51:26
the ultimate millennium bugs 51:29
[Music] 51:45
you 51:46
[Music] 51:52
you 52:04
[Music]
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