[Music]
the moon is already very populated by beings
humans living under its surface and in
craters covered with a dome that
allows you to live and breathe
[Music]
No.
Well, well.
[Music]
in a hundred years when my grandchildren
go visit someone on the moon
they were going to live there they were not sterile
Structures metallic structures
just like we would like
do it you know they will live in pretty and well
manicured parks with 200 trees
meters in height and will be able to
fly like birds
[Music]
[Music]
life matters' of the earth is
beginning to take root on a planet
where it has not rained for almost
four billion years
now imagine mars
there nature as
we find it is sterile but we
we have the opportunity to introduce the
life
that's why when I think like smart in the
Today I think of a beautiful world and
very interesting that I would like
study in depth but when
imagine marte alive
I find that it is even more interesting and
more valuable in a much more sense
deep later they will begin to
work surface planners
Martian creating a new home for
settlers who have made the greatest trip
round trip of your videos
[Music]
when a new place goes like Mars and
a new branch of the
society there you have the option of
take the best ideas and leave
back the worst and the people that
colonize Mars you do not want to return to the
land they want to live on Mars and
develop your future there or maybe
even beyond
in another point of the solar system
[Music]
in the late summer of the year 1976 two
identical probes called biking are
they posed on Mars they referred to the
detailed images of the earth
surface of another planet for the first
once in history although they did not find
the traces of life that had gone to
search
the mission bay who completed with
success various experiments on the
ground and the martial air news was all a
scientific triumph
however christopher mckay is a
biologist of the nasa who believes that the
space science is just one way
to prepare for something much more
important
six actors to be it often on the
exploitation of space as if its
only objective was scientific
from that point of view certainly
sending manned ships is not a
profitable project
we can not get better data
scientists with nails and probes
automatic but I think that would be
miss the shot for what we are doing
science because we are exploring
scientifically the space
well I think it's part of a
human activity much wider than a
much more ambitious human project of
try to anticipate future
human settlements outside of our
world tuesday the nearest planet and
where it will be easier to give
our first colonizing step
We are not sending human beings to
Mars to do science
we are sending human beings to Mars u
many other things that they will do when
be there it will be science but also
they will write poetry they will avoid and they will
They will be angry. They will give everything they do.
humans beings.
[Music]
the biking vision was designed to
last only three months but their
orbital and landing modules
they sent a huge data stream
for six years including more than
50,000 photographs covering 97
percent of the surface of Mars
e
Mackay believes that even for jobs
robotics scientists like the baking no
they must replace human missions
people talk about sending robots to
explore other planets but from the
need to send human beings but
I find that totally lacking in
interest I compare it cross with him to
Paris but instead of really going to
paris yourself
we simply send a camera
photographic to take pictures and
when the camera returns we reveal the
photos we look at them we think it was good
great been in paris
[Music]
I think it's the human presence
the human experience is part of the
motivation to go and humans
they want to go to these other worlds but for
what should we take the next step
to establish human colonies in others
planets
[Music]
Robert Rubin is a space engineer
who has come up with a way to send the
first human beings to Mars but not
want to stand there for Tuesday in the
21st century
the new frontier a place that awaits
be inhabited by settlers arriving from
the earth the border on earth is
closed
and that unless humanity wants
reach an era of stagnation
we have to be willing to reach
a new border and the new frontier
it's out there in space and
particularly on Mars but colonize
Mars is fundamentally an act of
Creation
what we will do is create a new branch
of human civilization a new
branch of human culture is to say no
we are doing this for us what
we are doing for them
we're doing it for the Martians is
all this possible
much of the technology for
carry it out was already developed in
a short period of almost ten years that
started at the end of the decade of the
past fifties with animals
put into orbit in missiles
ballistic
this chimp was going to come back healthy and
except but at that moment little or nothing
I knew about whether humans
could survive in space
then at the beginning of the decade
The
the american president john
Kennedy believed that the biggest prize
of the decade was within reach
the train bound for space was
point of departure many years ago
Great British explorer George
Mallory who died on Mount Everest
he was asked why he wanted to climb
what he answered because he is there
well the space is there and we're going to
climb what the moon and the planets
they are there 1962 who offered me his
speech at the university rice and
it still resonates why that goal
will serve to organize and measure what
best of our energies and of
our skills was probably
the most brilliant speech of the
American political oratory
twenty century live where more
it hurt more we have to be willing
to accept challenges like this and also
you have to keep them and keep them and
Kennedy and his generation were
willing to them we have chosen to go to the
The Moon
we have chosen to go to the moon
we have chosen to go to the moon in this
decade and do other things
not because it's easy but because it's
difficult we have chosen to go to the moon not
because it's easy but because it's
difficult was an act of faith and a great
vision ability because you did not know
what benefits does vice treat us but the
space was there and we're going to climb
what the space program was one of the
Highlights of the optimism of
20th century
an intoxicating mix of technology
tip and daring humala that made everything
it seems possible
first the next moon stopped the
Stars
[Music]
what were the benefits of
Apollo program certainly did not consist
only to get about 50 kilos of
moonstones the real benefit
of the program was that a whole
generation was inspired by him to
join scientific careers by
the offers for the possibility of
participate and be part of the great
Space adventure of being pioneers
that's a fact I was one of them myself
he was nine years old when he used his
speech your call to send us to the
The Moon
I was one of the children in the program
Apollo
[Music]
human ambition embarked on board
of the most powerful rockets ever
built and other children of the apollo
they made fly their imagination driven
for a new future in the children's space
as used march for me I think the
key moment that allowed thinking about
that man could travel through the
space occurred with the first
overflight orbit around the moon
that impressed me in a way
even more than landing on the
moon because it represented the idea that
those astronauts had been the
first men to go out into space
outside Luis had left the
Earth was not a simple flight in orbit
they were there in deep space
my family and I had taken a
sabbatical year and we travel through Europe in
a volkswagen van that I think that
we were the first yuppie family that
he was also hippie of the whole story
We were in good chile de 1968 in the
island of Rhodes a horrible time
pouring rain and the outside
absolutely dark
we were clustered in our little
capsule that did not serve as life support
and listening to the radio imos to these
individual
these men the first astronauts
true chile his voice seemed
proceed from beyond the grave of
depths of space
I was educated in a religious environment
but when they started reading the book
of genesis more and there we were
listening to those guys on Christmas Eve
from outer space for the first
once arrived at the beginning he created the
heaven and earth the earth did not have
way and the darkness is empty
they covered the abyss and the spirit of
God moved on the waters that
the son of god who makes himself love me
moved and something inside told me
that this was the future and not only the
future of humanity but my future
realization
these guys were talking to me
me and from the apollo team 8
we close with a good night and good
Good luck
Merry Christmas and may God bless you all
you all of you who are in the
good land
starting from apollo 11 towards the moon
July 16, 1969 the Mount Everest of
Kennedy was about to be
conquered just eight years later
of announcing the race to
surface of the moon
[Music]
here the basis of tranquility
the landed eagle
[Music]
this time it has been fast
wow sorry charlie must stay
attentive for more than an hour a day
in the first and happily December to May
May
[Music]
we find that whatever happens or
[Music]
when leaving the moon to the astronauts of
apollo 17 on December 14, 1972 the
impetus to transport people towards
the rest of the solar system was lost
since then nobody has escaped from the
earth orbit
we should be already on Mars we will continue
continues the space program in the
same line as the Apollo program
the late sixties we would have
come to Mars 1981
we already have the capacity to colonize
the moon then we had 85 by
hundred of the capacity that
we needed to establish people
on Mars and then the
ships is as if they had come back
to the new world having done the
discovery and fernando to isabel him
they said good and that burn the ships
[Music]
in the institutes and in the universities
tens of thousands of young people expected
able to satisfy their ambitions as
astronauts for them space was the
future towards the end of his adolescence
march to sabah was convinced that he
I would enroll in the next one and more
dangerous adventure go beyond the
The Moon
basically I just wanted to go to Mars
I did not care if it was the first or the
fiftieth goal number 5,000 only
I wanted to go to Mars
it seemed a noble ambition and
achievable at that time since it's going to
have a permanent space station
for men in a permanent colony
on the moon and men on Mars to
early 1980s what
it fit my calendar
but good the story took a course
totally different
all the special program from the
apollo was canceled and we were not going to go to
no site
[Music]
therefore I did not know where to go or
as for what ends up in a kind of
small university of pennsylvania
watmore calls disillusioned with the
initial idea and looking for something new in
out but look where the one who appeared
for that university to give a
conference the department of
astronomy was a former student
called arrive here an il and this one
he began his presentation with
space colony slides of the
size of cities and that of course
turned on the wick was in the
era when it was received from the decade
of the 90
We could see the first habits
medium-sized spherical
hundreds of meters in diameter and with
a circumference that could measure
perfectly about one kilometer
and half in his stage comparatively very
different from any place that the
humanity have considered
traditionally as very attractive as
the island of capri now carmelo city
in california with the most
nice london
walking or whatever its place
Favorites
[Music]
hierarchy o'neal was a professor of
brilliant physics and respected in the
princeton new yersey university but
his wife Atocha remembers how he started
his passion for space colonies
in the classes that students taught
that they had hardly any knowledge
scientists taught a new course
for students who were not
really interested in physics but
that they had to pass obligatorily
this course that was called physics
for poets
while the first men
They landed on the moon in 1969
O'Neal began almost as a joke to
ask your students a question
about leaving the land in bonds to
long term is the surface of the
land really the best place for a
expanding technological civilization
it is a planetary surface the best
place for a civilization in
expansion and the response turned out to be
not getting with him he wanted to build his
space cities in an orbit between
the earth and the moon
he called this place the high
Border
but first he should get his
idea was taken seriously
it would take five years and it would almost happen
by accident after a meeting in price
tom and jerry decided that it would be
nice to get good reality
as many people as you could have
interest in these issues and walter
sullivan who was then the principal
scientific reactor of new york times
he thought it was a news
attractive enough to
publish it and they did it in the first
new york times page
what radically changed our
lives but his dream of living in
human colonies spinning freely in
{0}{/0} {1} {/1} {2}Space: U$ 0.50{/2}
never went beyond a mere
artistic recreations and models
died of leukemia in 1992 to jerry by
Of course he would have loved to have gone
We always talk about going together or want
have the first space restaurant
that was always my dream probably
it will never happen but I hope that
I still get to go I'm not too
Old Woman:
{64739}{64786} You never know.
[Music]
thirty years after o'neal
propose for the first time the colonies
space in orbit emerged a new
idea of the earth formation or
model the planets until they can
get to house human beings
march to sabah believes that our desire
to colonize other worlds and to do it
similar to ours is inculcating in
the human psyche
humans are programmed with
a need for deep love towards
natural beauty and the splendor of
planet earth its trees flowers its
waterfalls the birds their butterflies
these are the things that really
it moves and that's also what
characterizes the human experience of
the spatial colonization here in
go ahead and what amazes people
I think it is innate and similar to the earth
as a paradise will be that way of life
VI
you know that the moon is capable of
sustain large human settlements
[Music]
but how do we create a world similar to
land for people to live in a
place so sterile and without atmosphere like
It's the moon
one way is to transform the craters
in biospheres, autonomous islands of life
under vaults made of silicon and
water would have oasis of plant life
imported from the earth
[Music]
people who live in the seriousness of
the moon would bear only one sixth
part of its weight on earth
that's why in these vaults slightly
pressurized an ancestral dream could
become reality
[Music]
with one sixth of the tier a being
human can fly with his own impulse
and it will be to get adjusted to some
silk wings could take off from
the branch of any of those
gigantic trees could even be
use our own rooms and
flapping our own arms
really propel us through the
air like huge birds
[Music]
(applause]
It is known that the moon is rich in matters
raw materials such as iron, aluminum and
frozen water with sufficient quantity
so that mark savage thinks that they can
get to build industries in the
The Moon
once we have a small base
in a place like moon the growth
there can be very fast during
several centuries there will be only racking of
materials risking a meal
industrial as if it were the girl or the
future a small planet with ones
big shoulders with people has sitting
a solid industrial infrastructure
in the light
bush
[Music]
beyond the moon the first
candidate to be colonized is Mars
but it's a complicated world
the average global temperature is lower
at 25 degrees centigrade below zero and
in the ice-covered poles can
fall to below 90 degrees under
zero but there is evidence that mars was
ever a wet planet and more
warm not too different from the earth
the scars on its surface suggest
that was once crossed by rivers and
seas where the water went to stop
then a little of them is
pressed in the two polar packages
but it could also be that there was
trapped under its surface of Mars
It also has other ingredients that
would make possible a land formation and
not just inside some
domes but on the entire planet
Mars has all the resources
necessary to brighten up life in the
surface somehow there's carbon
carbon dioxide the uap is now
frozen but already and we'll do it like
red black eyed nitrogen mozo laroche
all the resources needed to
sustain life are available and
maybe even to make a planet
economically independent anac
the next challenge warm up the
planet and make these elements
move from your frozen state to hu in the
surface to the atmosphere again
done we would be learning how
do that on earth
we are releasing gases into the atmosphere
that cause the greenhouse effect of
way thousands of times more effective than
carbon dioxide and they create a
mantle around the earth that the
it keeps warm now on earth that
maybe it's not a good idea but the
Tuesday just what we need to
heat that world to acquire its
ice to advance all those elements
back to the atmosphere
to manufacture these gases you need
carbon hydrogen chlorine fluorine
all these elements can be
available on Mars could be
extracted from the surface of Mars
placed in due proportions in
robotic factories and then be
pumped through chimneys in
Huge quantities
would launch an effect
self-powered greenhouse the caps
polar melt and the surface
of Mars would be transformed into something that
it looked a lot like the earth
would appear large oceans and lakes and
the atmosphere would begin to express itself
and change the average temperature in the
surface of Mars would rise from
25 degrees below zero
some degrees above the point of
Freezer 10
[Music]
heating up a bit so that there
water on the surface and an atmosphere
more dense could be then
introduce very simple ecosystems very
different from the ecosystems that
exist today in the Arctic regions and
Antarctic little more than algae
would sprout on the surface of Mars
as first plant life but it would be the
advance to achieve the greenery of
Mars
[Music]
our calculations suggest that mars
it could be heated with an atmosphere
quite dense in about 100 years is a
remarkably efficient process once
that we start to trap solar energy
and how the atmosphere will be denser and
the planet will be warmer
could introduce advanced forms of
more sophisticated lives and mars
reproduced the evolutionary history of the
ground only that much more quickly
because it would rely on biology
terrestrial to be propelled
it is possible that he left was what
pretty warm maybe within 100
years or something like that could develop
true forests
we could imagine pine forests
as seen on the slopes of a
terrestrial mountain growing on Mars
for christopher mckay develop the
life on Mars is an obligation that
it is up to humans as the only
intelligent species
I think there must be life in shape
microbial and always in any
planet that has liquid water or that
be remotely similar to the earth
I think life is a common fact
about intelligence
I think it's a more complex and
done I think intelligence is weird
scarce and even unique on earth
does he have this xv that would be a
mistake do not use our intelligence and
that we were like any animal
we will see affirmed what is our role
as smart members of this as
I say we can do to help
improve and I think the answer is
disseminate life transporting the from
its origin
here on earth and taking it to all
shares us as intelligent species
we are the only ones we can do it is
a worthy task as a species
It would be like building pyramids and
cathedrals is something we can do
as a gift to the rest of the vast universe
and one more
[Music]
Mars would be like all borders to
what humans have done
front
defiant cozy dangerous
but what could motivate
a lot of people to
embark on a trip that could last a
year to a cold and distant planet a
answer can be found among the
relics of the recent history of the
united states in the 19th century
an idea rooted in the united states
that saw how hundreds of thousands of
men and women boarded
carriages and trains to the west and not
it was solely to seek fortunes
but they understood that they could form
part of something magnificent
the establishment of a nation based
on principles of progress and freedom and
all those people wanted to be part of it
[Music]
and I believe that when it becomes
technologically possible to colonize
Mars as I think it will happen in
short there will be a large number of people
willing to participate
regardless of the difficulties
that entails
[Music]
nor the united states only nation that
It was created by people who were
willing to embrace the challenge of
assume new borders and if we abandon
That idea
then we were inferior to them
true and that is the recipe for
disintegration and collapse
that's something we can not afford
make strong
[Music]
Robert Rubin has devised a way to
transport the first human beings
to Mars relatively cheaply
known as martí direct is an idea
which has been well received by the
We will use the same technique to
explore Mars that the ones used by
pioneers of the earth that is traveling
light and live from the land itself
first launch
We will send a vehicle to Mars
ability to return to earth but
without anyone inside
[Music]
after eight months of travel he would arrive
Mars
would land and act a bomb that
would aspire the ice in art that is
carbon dioxide and it would be
react with a little hydrogen
brought from the earth which
would allow to provision the rocket with
oxygen and methane that you would use to
propel itself so we would now have a
fully stocked vehicle
fuel to return to earth
waiting for them on the surface of Mars
if then we will send to the next
crew as the return vehicle
and alex would be waiting on Mars not
it would be necessary for them to move
those giant galactic ships of
combat would land on Mars near the
return vehicle would use it
as your home for a year and a half and
at the end of that time they were introduced
in the vehicle they would take off and
would travel directly back to the
Earth would abandon their own station
on Mars so whenever I had
place a trip would create another
wash compartment and gradually
we will build the first
human establishment in a new world
[Music]
the huge distance to Mars prevents
the ministers can be transported
regularly from the earth
That is why the first settlers should
dig to extract materials from
construction store water manufacture
oxygen and grow your food
directly from part but soon
would dominate the techniques to live on
The Earth
we will be in a situation perhaps
in 50 years in which we know
how to be self-sufficient on Mars and
how to get there in a way
relatively cheap and at that point I think
that the integration to great
scale api well
who will do it well could they be
adventurers or refugees could be
members of a religious sect that
need a place to go to do
your own world
once it becomes possible and the
people will go I think 50 years later
we will have more than one million people
living in marche would like to live near
of the water and overlooking the mountains
for example on the shore of the basin in
which will be next to a mass of
water similar to the great lakes or
mediterranean and just next would be
all a mountain range towards
the west more from your home located in
Northern California
the science fiction writer Kim
stanley robinson imagine what would be the
life on Mars earth formed but the
inspiration for his works comes from
the images emitted by the probe
viking of desolate lands and
arid
I was interested in your wild appearance
I'm interested in spending time at
mountains above the trees and in
the deserts of the American West
That's why when the first
banking data what they showed is
a mars with a spectacular landscape
pitch and these characteristics
they aroused interest and I thought it would be
a great place to go camping with my
backpack
by who revealed that Mars was like the
dream of a tourist the marineris valley
it is a chasm of 4,000 kilometers of
long and up to eight kilometers from
Depth
200 kilometers wide and more than ten
times greater than the Grand Canyon
colorado el olympus mons
it is an extinct volcano that rises to 25
km over the surrounding plains
is almost three times higher than the
mount everest with all its variety
Tuesday today a huge empty desert
should stay that way
robinson foresees a battle between
defenders of a red Mars without touching and
those who prefer a green mars and
live in hand or conflict red green
my novels has to do with the idea of
that there will be people who fall in love with Mars
as the idea of terra is now
to form it would sound sacrilegious
on the other hand it would be much easier
live on Mars if we do not alter for
give it an atmosphere and make it less
{22533} {22596} - Mortal.
both the greens or reds created
will exist and a
conflict between the two sooner or later
Afternoon.
Mars will literally be earth
formed and it will be possible for people
live there on the outside of it
way they do on earth
except that they will have only one
third of terrestrial gravity
58 of the Martians of the future will
they will ask why there are people who
wants to live with our strength of
gravity just like we do now
has had to work so hard to
move instead of just pasting a
jump to continue with floor to another is
like a gazelle or a kangaroo where
want human beings to choose
live on the moon mars or beyond
One thing is certain if they stay
permanently his physical appearance
be altered by the different
environments and influences like the strength of
Severity
the amount of sunlight received or the
atmospheric composition
here only the occupation of that class
of environments will change the people who
live there in a kind almost
entirely new and distinct after
one or two generations at most
For example, people who are native to
the moon may be several tens of
centimeters taller than the people who
be native to the earth
[Music]
if you do not mind suffering the considerable
annoyance of maintaining infrastructure
it is critical and muscular that is needed
to withstand terrestrial gravity
and basically say good live in the
moon and knows I'm never going to move to
the earth except in video by
holographic eye devices I'll
to be a selenite
well these people are going to be very tall
and very thin with a musculature
minimum after a certain number of
generations
we can literally meet with
that the genotypes have evolved in
a different own address
[Music]
2
predict what will happen after 10 or 20
generations is beyond the
SCIENCER
we should have a great
imagination even to elucubrar the
aspect of the most remote settlers and
ultimately isolated to where
let's go with all this is to the true
star trek universe is probably
have noticed that in star trek
they fly throughout the galaxy and they
they meet with all kinds of the indigenous
more but they all have basically two
arms and two legs and maybe about 40
years on your forehead
I also think that in a few thousand or
millions of years that will be a reality
but the reason is because all those
species will have had original root
on earth and then depending on
your family environment will follow a
genetic line totally different from
any other
all with a common origin but of
look as different as the
Vulcans and kings
[Music]
[Music]
we are going to introduce variations in
human species
the earth is very small
to maintain the diversity of the
human culture
[Music]
in nature diversity is the
key to the survival of the species
and I think that's how man
will survive and expand its diversity to
spread throughout the cosmos yaya
/ they give me already how it could be that
the exploration of space was
inevitable
we talk about human beings and their
natural curiosity to explore but
this could be a characteristic
most fundamental of life itself
life could be a phenomenon that by
example as a fire needs to grow
constantly to keep you have to
do constantly so that it
keep life can be like that too
I might need to be
constantly expanding and
growth towards new frontiers for
stay alive as a global system
[Music]
although we are thinking humans
what is our great challenge to carry
our epic stories our
religions
everything all revolves around the search
from immortality immortality to
through gods or deities now
immortality through acts of
importance and deadly
whether it is the
colonization of the American West now
of Mars and this is more important than
the balance
this is why we fight people
this is why they die to people and
that's what will send us to space
[Music]
web I think the only way out
to space is making space
profitable if you want to go to space to
stay
It has to be a profitable company in
steamboat springs colorado states
united jim benson is planning how
make money thanks to the space so that
maite in 1990 to 1991 while reading the
washington post
I saw a small article had been
found an eldorado asteroid and
it turned out to be a solid ball of steel
stainless valued at 80 billion
dollars and I thought well if this asteroid
worth 80 million dollars
I should find out if there are more like the waka
waka this is almost 500 asteroids have
been discovered until now happening
close to Earth's orbit
little is known about them but all
they could be immensely rich in
minerals
metal asteroids fascinated me
because they have very high concentrations
of gold and all the metals of the group
of platinum but it's extremely
difficult to extract the metal from them
we would arrive at a mountain of steel
stainless and it would be almost impossible
tear it apart or dig the
but Benson realized that some
asteroids contained something even more
valuable than precious metals
the ice that could become water
and hydrogen that served as
rocket fuel in space
outside without the very high cost of
transport the fuel from the
earth the colonization of space
it would be a more realistic company
[Music]
so Benson set up a company to
build a small probe designed
to go check if there was ice
in the asteroids
he wanted something that was safe and
cheap
one of the key aspects of our
probe that will inspect asteroids is
that we are not doing anything new
all the technology that we are
using has been used before is
state-of-the-art technology and
this is more attractive to the
investor because we can do it more
cheap
I'm doing this to open the
space to humanity and also for
make money with it
hello jameson I think companies
can earn money in the
space and once we do all
You will see that it can be like that and that
will imply the vision of the future for
all the people who want to go out and build
space colonies extract minerals from
the asteroids and live on the moon or in
Mars
Jim Benson made his first fortune in the
computer business is
convinced that he will do his second
in the space
I went I will work 20 years at
beginning of the revolution of the
personal computers
nobody knew what was happening
nobody knew who the
winners the losers but today
we have many millionaires thanks
we are now at the same point
with the commercialization of space
anything can happen much
of them will happen there are limits to the
distance to where you can get
to colonize the space
the true limits may not be
based on technology but on
our own mortality
we simply could not live the
enough time to get beyond
from our own solar system
but even this could be overcome if
we could design something what
fast enough
[Music]
I'm not sure where the
border of human limitations
I think traveling the stars is possible
we understand the fundamental science that is
accurate to create an interstellar ship
we understand the fusion reactions that
they provide us with the basic form of
energy that once we have
solved the engineering of how
manufacture it will allow us to develop
ships that are able to travel to
maybe a tenth of the
speed of light
but even with a ship that will travel to
that speed would take more than 40
years to get to the star system more
near
I think there is a realistic limit and
terms that make a trip feasible
interstellar
is my idol in this way the most
fast that beings have traveled
.
so during the apollo program to that
speed we would take a million
years in getting to the star more
close
thus it is necessary to reach speeds
much bigger because if not
it will take us millennia to get to the
closest star system
there are proposals in science fiction
to do it by building those ships
gigantic world with thousands of people
who live in self-sufficient communities
for millions of years but if you
let's do that, he guaranteed that for
when we got to the star more
close a new civilization it
I would have already developed in it
in that new star populated by people
that came out a lot earlier from the earth
using the industrial capacity of
our planet to build rockets
of antimatter or something really good
that will shift to 50 percent of
The speed of light
would arrive in eight years would have
built a new solar civilization
while the initial ship would continue its
one way trip
well at the moment they arrived and
they left the world ship they would appear
as antipodism beings like rip van
winkle only useful to be
interviewed in programs of
morning television
that would be his only impact of that
solar civilization
so if it can not be what
fast enough better to stay
At home
from 1969 to 1972 only a select few
they left the earth six Apollo missions
They landed on the moon
only twelve astronauts
Americans us
what place that view of the region is
absolutely unreal
[Music]
now we get it from no
way if we do that while leaving
a rattlesnake appears
memories of a 20th century triumph
they still obsess those who
they waited and kept the hope of
get beyond
it's like everything happened yesterday but
these images have a quarter of
century old
[Music]
no dad does not hit
[Music]
humanity will again undertake this
way and this time will continue the
stars are within our reach
if we do not give up now that if
we decided to be a civilization that
journey through space
[Music]
we will be well entrenched in the
there will be 50 stellar environment
growing civilizations in
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we will walk at night on earth and
we will look up and name
physical places the truth of the
geography of the night sky of the
stars that are inhabited and the
kind of people who live there and that's going to
happen in just the amount of time
that separates us from the viking probes
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more than two decades after that
they will arrive at Mars
the viking probes were silenced
forever for giant storms
of dust
if colonization does not take place
human space
the viking probes will become
lonely memorials of
a dream failed humanity among
the stars
this is what we were born for and is
where do we go to agree not
I have my tools right here what
greeting
we have a beautiful view in that other
neighbor and earth at the same time try
get a photo for you
this region is coming
approximately half way between
moon and earth a little less than 40
hours to get to the moon
that's where you have a vast
lonely type of forbidden existence
for the expansion of nothing
happiness are bits of bacon for
breakfast models like everyone in the
beauty of this place is absolutely
amazing commented
could not the bottom of this and I'm so
near the edge as it is possible to me says
the truth orange yes it is from
here on low
we have been told that there is a santa claus
[Music]
wide of a human project much more
ambitious to try to anticipate the
future human settlements outside of
our world tuesday the planet more
near and where it will be easier to
take our first colonizing step
We are not sending human beings to
Mars to do science
we are sending human beings to Mars u
many other things that they will do when
be there it will be science but also
they will write poetry they will avoid and they will
They will be angry. They will give everything they do.
humans beings.
[Music]
the biking vision was designed to
last only three months but their
orbital and landing modules
they sent a huge data stream
for six years including more than
50,000 photographs covering 97
percent of the surface of Mars
Mackay believes that even for jobs
scientists robots like biking do not
they must replace human missions
[Music]
people talk about sending robots to
explore other planets but from the
need to send human beings but
I find that totally lacking in
interest I compare it cross with going to
Paris but instead of really going to
paris yourself
we simply send a camera
photographic to take pictures and
when the camera returns we reveal the
photos we look at them we think it was good
great been in paris
[Music]
I think it's the human presence
the human experience is part of the
motivation to go and humans
they want to go to these other worlds but for
what should we take the next step
to establish human colonies in others
planets
[Music]
Robert Rubin is a space engineer
who has come up with a way to send the
first human beings to Mars but not
want to stand there for Tuesday in the
21st century
the new frontier a place that awaits
be inhabited by settlers arriving from
the earth the border on earth is
closed
and that unless humanity
want to reach an era of stagnation
we have to be willing to reach
a new border and the new frontier
it's out there in space and
particularly on Mars but colonize
Mars is fundamentally an act of
Creation
what we will do is create a new branch
of human civilization a new
branch of human culture is to say no
we are doing this for us what
we are doing for them
we're doing it for the Martians is
all this possible
much of the technology for
carry it out was already developed in
a short period of almost ten years that
started at the end of the decade of the
past fifties with animals
put into orbit in missiles
ballistic
this chimp was going to come back healthy and
except but at that moment little or nothing
I knew about whether humans
could survive in space
then at the beginning of the decade
The
the american president john
Kennedy believed that the biggest prize
of the decade was within reach
the train bound for erc
[Music]
the moon is already very populated by beings
humans living under its surface and in
craters covered with a dome that
allows you to live and breathe
[Music]
another source of the body
[Music]
in a hundred years when my grandchildren
go visit someone on the moon
they were going to live there they were not sterile
Structures metallic structures
just like we would like
do it you know they will live in pretty and well
manicured parks with 200 trees
meters in height and will be able to
fly like birds
[Music]
[Music]
life matters' of the earth is
beginning to take root on a planet
where it has not rained for almost
four billion years
now imagine mars
there nature as
we found sterile but we
we have the opportunity to introduce the
life
that's why when I think like smart in the
Today I think of a beautiful world and
very interesting that I would like
study in depth but when
imagine marte alive
I find that it is even more interesting and
more valuable in a much more sense
deep later they will begin to
work surface planners
Martian creating a new home for
settlers who have made the greatest trip
round trip of your videos
neither how or when will a new
place like Mars and a
new branch of society there you have
the option to take the best ideas
and leave behind the worst and the people who
colonize Mars you do not want to return to the
land they want to live on Mars and
develop your future there or maybe
even beyond
in another point of the solar system
[Music]
in the late summer of the year 1976 two
identical probes called biking are
they posed on Mars they referred to the
detailed images of the earth
surface of another planet for the first
once in history although they did not find
the traces of life that had gone to
search
the mission bay who completed with
success various experiments on the
ground and the martial air news was all a
scientific triumph
however christopher mckay is a
biologist of the nasa who believes that the
space science is just one way
to prepare for something much more
important
often fraser pésaj on the
exploitation of space as if its
only objective was scientific
from that point of view certainly
sending manned ships is not a
profitable project
we can not get better data
scientists with nails and probes
automatic but I think that would be
miss the shot for what we are doing
science because we are exploring
scientifically the space
well I think it's part of a
much more human activity before neither masters
85 percent of the capacity that
we needed to establish people
on Mars and then the
ships is as if it had been returned to
new world having done the
discovery and fernando and isabel him
they said good and that burn the ships
[Music]
in the institutes and in the universities
tens of thousands of young people expected
able to satisfy their ambitions as
astronauts for them space was the
future towards the end of his adolescence
march to sabah was convinced that he
I would enroll in the next one and more
dangerous adventure go beyond the
The Moon
basically I just wanted to go to Mars
I did not care if it was the first or the
fiftieth goal number 5,000 only
I wanted to go to Mars
it seemed a noble ambition and
achievable at that time since it's going to
have a permanent space station
for men in orbit a colony
permanent on the moon and men in
March at the beginning of the decade
1980 what fitted wonderfully to
my agenda
but good the story took a course
totally different
the entire space program from
apollo was canceled and we were not going to go to
no site
[Music]
so even though I did not know where to go
nor as for what ends up in a kind
of small university of pennsylvania
watmore calls disillusioned with the
initial idea and looking for something new in
out but look where the one who appeared
for that university to give a
conference the department of
astronomy was a former student
called arrive here an il and this one
he began his presentation with
space colony slides of the
size of cities and that of course
I lit my wick again
was I go at the time the lists to
early 90's
We could see the first habits
medium-sized spherical
hundreds of meters in diameter and with
a circumference that could measure
perfectly about one kilometer
and a half
andy king comparatively not very
different from any place that the
humanity have considered
traditionally as very attractive as
the island of capri now carmelo city
in california with the most
nice from london or walking that is the
make it your favorite place
[Music]
come here o'neal was a teacher of
brilliant physics and respected in the
princeton new yersey university but
his wife tosha remembers how he started
his passion for space colonies
in the classes that students taught
that they had hardly any knowledge
scientists taught a new course
for students who were not
really interested in physics but
that they had to pass obligatorily
this course that was called physics
for poets
while the first men
They landed on the moon in 1969
O'Neal began almost as a joke to
ask your students a question
about leaving the land in bonds to
long term is the surface of the
land really the best place for a
expanding technological civilization
it is a planetary surface the best
place for a civilization was to
point of departure many years ago
Great British explorer George
mallory that died Mount Everest was
he asked why he wanted to climb what
that he answered because he is there
well the space is there and we're going to
climb what the moon and the planets
be there 1962 and offered his speech
at the university rice and still
resonate why that goal will serve to
organize and to measure the best of
our energies and our
skills was probably the
brightest speech of oratory
American politics of the 20th century
direct where it hurt more
we have to be willing to accept
challenges like this and in addition you have to
keep them and fulfill them and that levy and her
generation were willing to them
we have chosen to go to the moon
we have chosen to go to the moon
we have chosen to go to the moon in this
decade and do other things
not because it's easy but because it's
difficult we have chosen to go to the moon not
because it's easy but because it's
difficult was an act of faith and a great
vision ability because you did not know
what benefits does vice treat us but the
space was there and we're going to climb
what the space program was one of the
Highlights of the optimism of
20th century
an intoxicating mix of technology
tip and daring humala that made everything
it seems possible
first the next moon stopped the
Stars
[Music]
what were the benefits of
Apollo program certainly did not consist
only to get about 50 kilos of
moonstones the real benefit
of the program was that a whole
generation was inspired by him to
join scientific careers by
the offers for the possibility of
participate and be part of the great
Space adventure of being pioneers
that's a fact I was one of them myself
he was nine years old when he used his
speech your call to send us to the
The Moon
I was one of the children in the program
Apollo
[Music]
human ambition embarked on board
of the most powerful rockets ever
built and other children of the apollo
they made fly their imagination driven
for a new future in the children's space
as used march for me I think the
key moment that allowed thinking about
that man could travel through the
space occurred with the first
overflight orbit around the moon
that impressed me in a way
even more than landing on the
moon because it represented the idea that
those astronauts had been the
first men to go out into space
outside they had left the
Earth was not a simple flight in orbit
they were there in deep space
in my family and I had taken
a sabbatical year and we travel through europe
in a Volkswagen van and I think that
we were the first yuppie family that
he was also hippie of the whole story
we were in good ch of 1968 in the
island of Rhodes a horrible time
pouring rain and the outside
absolutely dark
we were clustered in our little
capsule that did not serve as life support
and listening to the radio imos to these
individual
these men the first astronauts
true chile his voice seemed
proceed from beyond the grave of
depths of space
I was educated in a religious environment
but when they started reading the book
of genesis fringes more and there
we were listening to those guys in
poinsettia from outer space by
first time god in the beginning created
heaven and earth the earth did not have
way and the darkness is empty
they covered the abyss and the spirit of
God moved on the waters that
God said to be done what I most
moved and something inside told me
that this was the future and not only the
future of humanity but my future
realization
these guys were talking to me
me and from the apollo team 8
we close with a good night and good
Good luck
Merry Christmas and may God bless you all
you all of you who are in the
good land
starting from apollo 11 towards the moon
July 16, 1969 the Mount Everest of
Kennedy was about to be
conquered just eight years later
of announcing the race to
surface of the moon
[Music]
here the basis of tranquility
the landed eagle
[Music]
this time it has been fast
wow I'm sorry I should stay
inside the wheel, walking on the moon
or a day in the pri and happily
December to May May return it
we find that whatever happens or
when leaving the moon to the astronauts of
apollo 17 on December 14, 1972 the
impetus to transport people towards
the rest of the solar system was lost
since then nobody has escaped from the
earth orbit
we should be already on Mars
if we had continued the program
space on the same line as the
program by the end of the
sixty we would have arrived at marte 1981
we already have the capacity to colonize
the moon then
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