Welcome to 929 Chapters I'm your host David Z. Moster PhD and Rabbi and today I am
very excited to be talking about this the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia -- one of
the most important scholarly Bibles out there used by scholars to study both the
history of the text of the Hebrew Bible and also something called the Masoretic
notes which we'll talk about in just a few minutes today's video will be broken
up into three parts we will begin with an introduction to the Biblia Hebraica
Stuttgartensia then i'm going to show you what a page looks like in this book and
how to use the different parts of the page and then finally what I'll do is
show you a few case studies so you can see why and how the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
is so important just a note before we begin the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
which i'll call BHS from now on is a Hebrew bible which
means there's no english translation now even if you know a little bit of Hebrew
you don't necessarily need to know a lot but just a little bit this book can be
incredibly useful to you and your bible study and i will show you how to really
use this book even if you're not an expert in hebrew itself okay let's begin
with the introduction BHS is the fourth bible in a series of Hebrew Bibles put
out by the Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft which means the German Bible Society in
Stuttgart Germany it was put out between 1968 and 1977 and in 1977 it finally
came out in one full volume the BHS is based on the Leningrad codex from the
years 1008 to 1010 written in Cairo Egypt
now the Leningrad codex is important because it's the oldest complete Hebrew
Bible - from beginning to end it's all there - it was copied by one person Shmuel
Ben Yaakov who was a Masorete what that means is that he was a Jewish scribe
whose main goal was to preserve the Hebrew biblical texts the main goal is
to make sure that when copyists were copying one biblical text to create
another one that no errors crept in while they were working and these errors
could have come for a number of reasons they could have come because the
original manuscript was all smudged and it was hard to read they could have come
because the copyists accidentally omitted something or they could have come
because the copyist accidentally inserted something the Masoretes their
main job was to try and ensure that this didn't happen, the way they did that was
by adding notes to the biblical text on the side and you can see these here in
the leningrad codex itself these are called Masoretic notes or Masorah
notes or simply Masorah, in Hebrew the word Masorah means "tradition" these
were the notes that were passed down from scribe to scribe so the Leningrad
Codex is also important because it has a full set of these Masorah notes, now the
Masoretes came about sometime in the first millennium of the Common Era and
you might be wondering why would such a guild, such a group have to come about?
and the answer is it's kind of simple - in the ancient world any time someone
copied one manuscript to the other they were going to be mistakes or variants
now these variants can sometimes be small even one letter or sometimes a
little larger one word sometimes even bigger a few verses and sometimes
especially in ancient ancient manuscripts even entire paragraphs could
have been added or omitted so the Masoretes came about to say hey let's
preserve the biblical text as it is and the text that they came to preserve has
been called the Masoretic Bible so the Hebrew Bible that we know and use today
is actually a Masoretic Bible there were other Bibles with some variants
especially in the ancient world and this brings us to BHS the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
what the BHS is going to do is going to explain to you where the
Leningrad Codex differs from other Hebrew Bibles those could be Masoretic
Bibles or even non-Masoretic Bibles from the ancient world such as the
Septuagint Greek translation, such as Jerome's Latin Vulgate,
such as the Targums the Jewish targum translations into Aramaic, or even
something called the Samaritan Pentateuch which we'll be looking at
today, so let's move on to the next part looking at a page of the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
so we're looking at page 17 of the
Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia which puts us in the book of Genesis at the
end of the 11th chapter and the beginning of the 12th chapter now
right in the center we have the main text of the Leningrad Codex and as we
mentioned before this is the oldest complete Hebrew Bible text out there
that we know of at the side we have the small Masorah notes and right below the
text we have the large Masorah notes and as I mentioned these will be discussed
in the next video how to use the Masorah notes of the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
now at the bottom what we're looking at is what is called the scholarly or
critical apparatus now this is the most important thing for us today what the
apparatus is going to do is going to tell us where there are important
variants for each and every word if there's an important variant they're
going to mention it below now this apparatus tells us a lot of information
in a very short amount of time and space the way does that is by using Latin
words abbreviated and also symbols for manuscripts so in order to understand
this apparatus we need to know the Latin words that are used and the symbols for
the manuscripts that are used so luckily at the beginning of the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
there are two keys the first key titled Sigla at Compendia
Apparatum this is going to tell you all of the symbols used for each and every
manuscript the second key for us is called An English and German Key to the
Latin Words and Abbreviations and the symbols of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
this key does exactly what it says it does it tells you all of the Latin words
and abbreviations and what they mean in English okay so we've introduced the
Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia we now know that it's based on the
Leningrad Codex and why the Leningrad Codex is so important we also now know
what's on each and every page of the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia so now
what we're gonna do is look at a number of case studies so that I can
demonstrate how and why the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia is so important for our
understanding of the biblical text our first case study is going to be Genesis
chapter 47 in Genesis 47 the people of Egypt find themselves in very
dire straits - there is a severe famine in the land and the only person who has
food is Joseph the Viceroy of Pharaoh because Joseph has been saving up food
for seven years in the first year of the famine the people go to Joseph and pay
him all of their money when that's not enough they give him all of their
animals they come back in the second year and they give him all of their land
because they have no more money and no more animals and in the second year they
also offer up their bodies to be slaves to Joseph and to Pharaoh just so they
can eat, in the middle of the second year when the people are giving over
themselves as slaves we have a very odd phrase in the Hebrew text of the
Leningrad codex it says [Hebrew] and the people [Hebrew] Joseph
passed them into the cities now what does it mean he passed them into the
cities? first of all there's no real reason for him to pass anyone into a
city and second of all just in the next few verses we are told that the people
will be working their fields so if they're working the fields then why are
they in the cities? it just doesn't make sense so here I have the BHS on my
computer and we can see that there's two little letter a's so we go to the
bottom and we see on verse 21 in between the two a's and here we have these Latin
words - which we now know the translations for from our Latin key - we should be
reading according to the Samaritan Pentateuch that little squiggly means the
Samaritan Pentateuch and the G stands for the Greek Septuagint which we'll get
to in our next case study, so what do we see in the Samaritan Pentateuch? the
words [Hebrew] "he enslaved them to become slaves" so Joseph
wasn't bringing people into cities according to the Samaritan Pentateuch he
was enslaving them as slaves of Pharaoh now a little background information
about the Samaritan Pentateuch the Samaritan Pentateuch is the Pentateuch
the five books of Moses that belongs to and is used by the Samaritans a group of
people who claim descent from the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh the two sons of
Joseph and call themselves the "Shomrim" "the keepers" the keepers of tradition
the earliest full manuscripts of the Samaritan Pentateuch come from the
1200s to 1300s but even in the Dead Sea Scrolls we can find texts that we
call "proto-Samaritan" meaning they agree very much with the Samaritan Pentateuch
that came after it here we're looking at 4Q22 this means that
it's from the fourth cave at Qumran and it is the 22nd scroll that was published and
it in many ways agrees with the text of the Samaritan
Pentateuch the one that we know from the 1200s and 1300s now with this background
knowledge let's return to our three words in Genesis 47:21 the Masoretic
text has "Joseph passed these people into cities" now
notice that I highlighted the letters ר which is like the R in English
rrrrrr now the Samaritan Pentateuch is
identical except for those two רs actually become דs does so instead
of [Hebrew] it's "he enslaved them to become
slaves" and the Samaritan Pentateuch has one more difference is there as an extra
letter compared to the Masoretic text and that's the ב in orange here, the
way that we can explain how these variants came about is something called
the dalet and resh interchange the dalet and resh interchange basically means
that these two letters ד and ר look so similar in Hebrew that they are
often confused by scribes so let's take a look at the ד and ר in a number
of ancient Hebrew scripts in paleo-Hebrew the oldest form of Hebrew what
we see is the dalet on the left looks identical to the resh on the right
except that the resh has a longer leg, in the Samaritan texts the dalet on
the left looks identical to the resh on the right accepted the dalet has a
little protrusion in its top right corner, in the Aramaic type script of the
Dead Sea Scrolls we see the dalet on the left looks very similar to the resh
on the right except that the dalet again has a protrusion in its top right
corner and then finally when we get to the Leningrad Codex in the year 1008-1010
we see the dalet on the left looks
identical to the resh on the right except it's hard to tell but the dalet has
a very minor protrusion in its top right corner now that we know about the dalet
and resh interchange we can explain what's going on here in Genesis 47 verse 21 the
original text of Genesis probably said that Joseph was enslaving the people as
slaves this makes the most sense given the context of the chapter then
somewhere along the way a scribe accidentally understood [Hebrew]
as [Hebrew] because the dalet and resh are so similar
now it doesn't explain everything - the ב we're not sure where that got lost
along the way - but that's probably what happened
another option of course is that the original book of Genesis had this odd
phrase and the Samaritan Pentateuch was fixing it but why would an author of
Genesis add such an odd phrase in the context of Genesis 47? it just doesn't
make a lot of sense. So this was our first case study and what it dealt with was
probably an accidental change by a scribe, our second case is actually going
to be a case of an intentional change and for this we need to understand that
Yahweh wasn't the only primary deity in ancient Israel there was a competing
deity named Baal which in Hebrew means master or Lord we know a lot about Baal
from the Hebrew Bible but we also know a lot about Baal from ancient texts
discovered at Ugarit where we have many texts that mention the great
might and power of Baal the warrior God now in ancient Israel there were many
people named after Baal but the scribes didn't necessarily like that so let's
take a look at 1 Chronicles 8:33 where we see the name of Saul's son Eshbaal
which either means "fire of Baal" or perhaps "the man of Baal" so the king of
Israel himself was naming his son after the deity known as Baal not the deity
Yahweh, the scribes in ancient Israel didn't necessarily like this and what
they did was they changed the Baal element in these names and changed it to
boshet which means shame (embarrassment) so in a parallel text
in 2 Samuel 2:10 we see that Saul's son wasn't named Eshbaal he was named Ish-Boshet
"man of shame" now with this background
information let's go to our passage in the second book of Samuel chapter 11
what we're gonna deal with is one name and the name was in 2 Samuel 11:21 Avimelekh
ben Yerubeshet "Abimelech the son of Jerubbesheth"
and we noticed there's a little a there in the BHS which tells us to look at the
apparatus so we go down to the bottom of the page where we see on verse 21
there's an a there's a nice gothic G sign which we know from our index means
the old Greek the Septuagint and instead of Yerubeshet
it has Yerubaalm which in Hebrew is Yerubaal and it says to see other
manuscripts and it also says to take a look at judges 7:1 and so on and so
forth it's pointing us to judges 7:1 because
the Hebrew name Yerubaal (Jerubaal) actually appears 14 times in the Hebrew Bible and
we can see it here "Yerubaal, Yerubaal, Yerubaal" so some background
information about the Septuagint the old Greek translation the Septuagint dates
to about the first few centuries before the Common Era and it was a translation
of the Jews of ancient Alexandria (Egypt) and at first they translated the five books of
Moses the Pentateuch and then eventually they translated the entire Hebrew Bible
the oldest complete versions of Septuagint we have come from the Year
300 to 500 of the Common Era but we even have more ancient snippets of the
Septuagint from the Dead Sea Scrolls themselves and here we're looking at one
snippet this is called 4Q120 that means it comes from the fourth cave at Qumran and
is the 120th scroll that was published and it's a Greek translation
of the Book of Leviticus so with this information let's return to our text
2 Samuel 11:21 in the Masoretic text of the Leningrad codex we have the name Yerubeshet
which means something like "shame will be great" or "shame will fight" now
most mothers and fathers would not name their kid after boshet meaning shame it
just doesn't make a lot of sense however in the Greek text we have Yerubaal "Baal
will be great" or "Baal will fight" so what's probably going on here is that the
original text of 2 Samuel had the name Yerubaal, what happened? the scribes
that were copying the text that would eventually become the Masoretic text
changed the Baal element in the name Yerubaal and made it Yerubeshet
meaning "shame will be great" so in this case the BHS apparatus is telling us
that the name Yerubeshet was probably originally Yerubaal and the proof is
the Septuagint. That does it for our case studies I only picked two but really I
could have picked any of hundreds, thousands, or even tens of thousands of
variants throughout the Hebrew Bible, we only dealt with some very small variants
such as a dalet and a resh just a letter or even half of a name Yerubeshet
versus Yerubaal but there are some much larger cases for example in Joshua
21 at verse 36 there are two entire verses that were omitted from the
Masoretic text so now that i've shown you how to use the BHS you can
find many cases such as this and let me know in the comments if you find any
interesting things also just to note the BHS came out in 1977 which means that it
came out before all the Dead Sea Scrolls were printed and published so what that
means is that a lot of variants that are contained in the Dead Sea Scrolls were not
able to be included in the BHS and for this reason the Deutsche
Bibelgesellschaft are coming out with a new Biblia Hebraica a new Bible which they
call Quinta which means "the fifth" in Latin we're gonna actually have a video about
that Bible after we finish this series on the BHS now if you want to purchase
the BHS i'll have a link to it on amazon in the comments below but if you go
looking for it yourself make sure you consider two things first of all there's
a Reader's Edition which is something entirely different than what i showed
you here the Readers Edition is trying to teach people how to read Hebrew it
really has nothing to do with the great apparatus which we've been exploring
today second that index which tells you how to read the Latin in English only
exists in the most recent editions it doesn't exist in the original editions
of the BHS so if you're gonna get a copy make sure you get a newer one if you have
an old copy you can check my website www.929chapters.com where I actually have a link to this
PDF up on my website and finally if you're looking to study the Septuagint
or the Samaritan Pentateuch more in depth or look at some original
manuscripts you could also check my website in the section Bible links where
I have a lot of helpful tools for studying the Hebrew Bible that does it
for today if you enjoyed this video please give it a like and subscribe and
also if you have any ideas for some videos to explore in the future let me
know in the comments section below I hope you enjoyed it and I hope you stay tuned
for the next video which will be about how to use the Masorah those Masoretic
notes in the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
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