Dear surfer, welcome to my channel, welcome to 2018!
You may not have subscribed yet my channel, maybe you discover me.
But for those who know me, there they catch that there is a small change and
that there is a problem with the timing.
(For this video) Little change, thanks to you for Christmas
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That's great, it'll improve the
quality of my videos and I am delighted.
I will be able to offer you a montage a lot more elaborate.
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a nice reward.
As mentioned in the beginning of this video, it is with a little delay that I realized
for you the "December Nasa News" 2017- January 2018 ".
The year just ended was dominated by the rise of gravitational astronomy.
It was also marked by the discovery of the first interstellar asteroid 'Oumuamua
and that of the exoplanets around from Trappist 1.
Relive the best of astronomical news of 2017.
I started the monthly section of news from NASA in 2017 this represents
more than 2h30 of viewing in 10 videos.
You can find them in the playlist suggested now or settle for
most important points here:
Gravitational astronomy quickly progressed during the year 2017: not only
Ligo and Virgo jointly detected new mergers of black holes, but,
especially, they spotted a collision of stars which has been accompanied by a counterpart
in the field of electromagnetic waves.
This gave the key to the enigma of the nature of the short gamma-ray bursts and, very
probably also, that of the origin of heavy elements like gold and platinum.
Undoubtedly, this discovery has made enter astronomy into a new phase
"Multimessager". (This phase was embryonic since 1987 and neutrino detection
accompanying electromagnetic waves of the famous supernova SN 1987A, in the
Large Magellanic Cloud.)
2017 was also a great year for exobiology, with the discovery, around the Trappist star
1, only about 40 light-years away of us, seven exoplanets of comparable sizes
to that of the Earth, three of which would be potentially habitable.
NASA's Cassini spacecraft has passed away by voluntarily entering the bowels
of Saturn but she had time to us confirm that energy was available
for life in the oceans of Enceladus; she also helped us to specify the age of
rings of Saturn.
Finally, the centenary of Arthur's birth Clarke was celebrated with the discovery
of the first interstellar asteroid 'Oumuamua, which one wondered if he could not
to be in fact an artifact of a civilization extraterrestrial technologically advanced.
The study of the Solar System always remains exciting, as the ad showed
of the existence of gigantic waves on a lava lake of Io, the volcanic moon of
Jupiter.
Here, then, a small retrospective of these events revealed by the community
scientist in 2017 and brought to light by Futura.
1.
Gold produced by star collisions neutron
In the area of the sky from which the gravitational waves detected by Ligo
and Virgo on August 17, instruments from around the world have identified a source
of electromagnetic waves, in the visible particular, located in galaxy NGC 4993,
130 million light-years away.
The event is technically important because two signals, coming from the same phenomenon
but of different natures (gravitational waves and electromagnetic waves), have been
observed.
Scientifically, he confirms that bursts short gamma (or at least some of them
they) are well generated by mergers of neutron stars, that the "kilonovae
"Exist and that is there the source heavy atoms like gold or platinum.
2.
The coming of the asteroid Oumuamua The interstellar origin of the object now
named 1I / 2017 U1 ('Oumuamua) has been confirmed.
This is the first asteroid from elsewhere never observed.
Number of telescopes follow him very near.
The first measures show that he is very elongated, "an extremely
unusual "for an asteroid.
Even if it's not an interstellar ship, as in the novel Rendezvous with Rama,
Arthur Clarke, could it be a probe extraterrestrial equipped with a super AI? 'Oumuamua
was listened to for about sixty hours with the ATA radio telescope, by
members of Seti, and a few hours with the Green Bank radio telescope by members
of the Breakthrough Listen project.
The first results are negative, as expected but the asteroid remains a very
beautiful birthday gift for the centenary Arthur Clarke.
3.
Trappist 1: discovering life elsewhere is it within our reach?
Three exoplanets of comparable sizes to those of Venus and Earth have been
discoveries only 40 light years away from us, near the star Trappist 1.
They could be habitable ... partially.
Despite this uncertainty, they are worth the It is hard to be interested because they orbit
around a very dim star which should make it possible to look for
bio signatures in a decade while at more.
This is, for the moment, our best chance to discover life elsewhere.
4.
A lava lake about 200 km in diameter on Io
Io is one of the main moons of Jupiter by its size and the closest to the planet
giant.
Subject to significant tidal forces who maintain her internal heat she
is the place of a copious volcanism.
One of the most active regions of Io is called Loki Patera.
From the observations made as well with the Voyager and Galileo probes only
from the ground, it would be occupied by a lake of lava whose size would be about 200 km.
The surface of this lake would be periodically renewed by the tilting of the parties
cooled, which would cause waves gigantic lava.
5.
The oceans of Enceladus and Europe always more promising
Plumes rising from the south pole of Enceladus contain 98% water and 1% hydrogen,
according to the Cassini data analyzes.
Hydrogen is in molecular form (H2) and everything indicates that it must be the product
hydrothermal vents in the oceans of this moon of Saturn.
This hydrogen can serve as a source of energy for microorganisms living in these
oceans but we still have no proof of their existence, even if we know
now that many of the ingredients necessary for life (energy and
materials to build molecules organic) are present inside
Enceladus.
Galileo probe data, attached to Hubble's, strongly accredit
the existence of similar intermittent plumes to those of Enceladus on the moon Europe, in
orbits around Jupiter.
Life could be very widespread in the extraterrestrial oceans of the System
solar.
It will come back to future missions of the prove.
Nasa news from December 2017 to January 2018:
1 /
Astronaut John Young had done twice the round trip between the Earth and the Moon.
There is market and even rolled, no offense to the proponents of conspiracy theories.
He also flew Columbia, the first spaceship.
American astronaut John Young, indeed, just died, this January 5, 2018, at the age
87 years old, following pneumonia in Houston in Texas.
His death may be unfortunately symbolic at the point where a regression
worrying about critical thinking, rationality and scientific knowledge, such as
if the global brain of humanity seemed deteriorate, which perhaps shows
the rise of beliefs to the theories of conspiracy, including that denying the reality of
Apollo missions.
John Young was one of 12 astronauts having walked on the moon.
They are only 5.
2 / The Pentagon recognizes the existence of a
program investigating UFOs The Ministry of Defense of the United States
ensures that the program has stopped 2012, but the "New York Times" says
that UFO investigations continue.
After years of questioning, the Pentagon acknowledged the existence of a program
called Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program ("Program of identification of
advanced aerospace threats ") loaded to investigate object sightings
unidentified flying (UFO).
The program with a budget of 22 million $ 600 billion dollars
allocated annually to the army - and only known to a small number of officials,
was set up by the former senator Nevada Democrat, then leader of
the majority in the Senate, Harry Reid, who was wearing a particular interest in phenomena
unexplained.
Most of the program money went to an aerospace research company
directed by Robert Bigelow, an entrepreneur billionaire.
3 / Discovered in 2007, rapid radio bursts,
or FRB, could be the manifestation exotic phenomena and still unknown,
like the Planck star explosion.
FRB 121102, a burst that is repeated at billions of light-years away from the Way
lactée, seems settled in a region of very small size where a field reigns
very intense magnetic that betrays his presence by Faraday effect.
These rapid changes in polarization emissions suggest the presence of a
neutron star very close to a hole black supermassive accrual of matter.
4 / Researchers at the University of Wisconsin
have made a surprising discovery.
They found traces in Antarctica of a forest hundreds of
millions of years, reports The Independent, and relays Le Vif.
280 million years, precisely.
Before the arrival of the dinosaurs, so.
The existence of this forest was made possible by higher heats, in Antarctica,
at the time.
"This forest is a preview of life before extinction.
It can help us understand what caused the event, said the Professor
Gulbranson, co-author of the study.
It can also give clues on the differences with today's forests.
" So thank you to our dear pollution for
this discovery at once wonderful and disturbing ...
5 / Scientists have just discovered on
Mars layers of ice water, just a few meters below the surface.
The discovery is crucial for the study of the geological history of Mars, and could
to be a blessing for men desiring to go to this planet.
Scientists have long theorized the presence on Mars of ice water reserves
underground.
In 2002, NASA's Odyssey mission had scanned the red planet into orbit and had
detected the signs of underground ice on the surface and at high altitude.
In 2008, NASA's Phoenix mission had allowed the discovery of icy water on the
arrival site, near the North Pole of Mars.
And at the end of 2016, scientists had used the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
(MRO) and had discovered ice underground at medium altitude, on a surface
roughly equivalent to Lake Superior.
But before the study by Colin Dundas, published today in the journal Science, scientists
struggled to grasp the extension and accessibility layers of underground ice on Mars.
Of the eight sites described in the new study, some present, in the manner
of a cake that was cut up, a erosion such as whole sections of layers
rock and ice are visible from the sky.
The layers of ice first appeared 90 centimeters to 1.80 meters in the basement,
confirming the thesis that he had could snow on Mars millions of years ago,
when Mars was more inclined on its axis than it is today.
The recent discovery could also influence future astronauts who might someday
to land in the middle latitudes of Mars to quench their thirst.
The manned missions to Mars will probably have need to extract and process the stored water
in the Martian basements.
Men will then drink the water produced or will transform ice packs into form
gaseous, filling the air with hydrogen and of oxygen (water components), extracting
also methane to feed the rockets in fuel.
As a NASA study had established in 2016, it could be that the Martian ice cream
contains more water than minerals.
But if access to this ice requires dig more than 9 meters under the rock
on the surface, this may prove to be inefficient.
These new images change the game, since they confirm presence on the surface (or almost)
huge blocks of ice.
Coming soon I will also talk about Terraformation but that's for a next video.
6 / December 16, the spacecraft
NASA's Juno completed its tenth trip around Jupiter and sent to Earth
new spectacular shots of the gas planet.
I let you admire ...
7 / In 2069, a hundred years after the
first steps of Man on the Moon, a probe could leave Earth in the direction of Alpha
Centaurus, a system of neighboring stars.
NASA has indeed lifted the veil on the concept of a future interstellar mission that would leave
looking for life elsewhere than in our Solar System.
For now, the Voyager 1 and 2 probes, parties a little over forty years ago
of the Earth, remain, to this day, the machines of the fastest human manufacturing.
Crossing in space (interstellar, for the first) at some 61,000 km / h - this
which remains less than 1% of the speed of the light - they are respectively at
19 and 16 light hours from their points of departure, ie 141.5 and 117 times the distance
between the Earth and the Sun.
If they went to Proxima Centauri, where a habitable exoplanet was put
prominently in 2016, they would reach it in around 76,000 years, which represents
all the same more than 2,500 generations.
It's very long, obviously, and nobody do not want to wait as long for
know what's going on there.
That's why we have to find solutions faster.
It will probably not be us but our children, even our grandchildren, who will benefit
first scientific harvest of the expedition.
Because even if we managed to propel a vessel at 10% of the speed of light,
the probe that would leave in 2069 would not arrive 43 or 44 years later, after 2110.
And it would be necessary to add another 4 years, the time that the data transmitted by the probe go through
the 40,000 billion kilometers which separate us.
Starshot plans since 2016 to send microsondes equipped with photonic sails going to
20% of the speed of light.
This idea of very thin sails by a laser beam could be retained
by NASA.
Otherwise, nuclear propulsion is also mentioned.
The main objective of this first mission extrasolar recognition has already been
defined, and he puts everyone in agreement : explore the worlds that revolve around
of these stars.
Alpha Centauri is a system of three stars including Alpha Centauri A (a
star a little bigger than the Sun), Alpha Centauri B and Alpha Centauri C; this
last, only 4.23 light years away, is better known as Proxima du
Centaur.
It will be a question of identifying possible traces of life, direct or indirect, on the surface
of one (or more) planets.
We will be able to see the planet, assuming it is not covered
of clouds ". Nasa would also benefit from this trip to equip the instrument ship
that will study the interstellar medium.
8 / A mathematical gap in different calculations
of the rate of expansion of the Universe is judged "Serious enough" and might indicate
even the existence of a physical phenomenon Unknown, says Professor Adam Riess, Nobel Prize
of physics in 2011.
The American scientist established in 1998, that the Universe is expanding at a speed
which is constantly accelerating.
He is his colleagues received the award Nobel to highlight this discovery.
However, recent studies suggest that a inconsistency previously detected does not
do not disappear.
In an interview with the BBC, Professor Riess explained that an unknown phenomenon may be
originally, what could possibly lead to a major discovery in physics.
The difference is noted when the physicists compare the precise measurements
the acceleration rate obtained from different manners.
Did you know?
British astrophysicists have estimated in 2016 that there was no less
2000 billion galaxies in the universe.
There are billions of stars surrounded billions of planets in these galaxies.
The unit of measurement used to describe the expansion of the Universe is the constant
Hubble, a name given in honor of astronomer Edwin Hubble.
Professor Riess has also used the Wide Hubble Space Telescope Field Camera 3
to refine his measures of the constant.
The presence of an inconsistency is moreover in addition probable.
Professor Adam Riess presented his recent work at the annual conference of the Society
american astronomy school that stood at Washington.
According to him, his recent analyzes leave to think that the Universe is currently
expanding 9% faster than shown the models.
A result for the least "remarkable "He says.
One of the reasons that could explain the gap between the different techniques
of measurement would be the presence of a phenomenon unknown physics, such as adding a
new particle, called sterile neutrino, to the standard model of particle theory.
This would represent a fourth type neutrinos.
However, if the other three are well known physicists, attempts to detect
the fourth have not come to this day.
Another explanation could be in the dark energy behavior that
would behave differently now by relation to the stammering of the Universe.
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