-------------------------------------------
Sami Yusuf - Mawlana (Lyric Video) - Duration: 3:01.
In memory of the Beloved We drank a wine
With which we had been drunk Before the creation of the vine.
The full moon was its cup. While the wine was a sun passed round
By a crescent, which when mixed, How many stars appear!
If not for its fragrance, I would never have been guided to its tavern.
If not for its radiance, Imagination could never picture it,
Time preserved nothing of it, but a fading breath,
As if its being hidden in the breasts of the wise were concealed.
If you are drunk with it for but one hour,
You will see time an obedient slave at your command.
For there is no life in this world for one who lives sober;
And one who dies not drunk from it, Resolution has passed him by.
-------------------------------------------
KITCHEN GADGET TESTING - TWIST' n SPROUT - Duration: 9:44.
- Hello everyone, it's Barry here.
Welcome to My Virgin Kitchen.
I hope you are well.
Today commences the start of something new,
something exciting. (fake trumpet sounds)
Despite doing it last year anyway, a little teaser.
Gadgets of the week.
Yes in this playlist as you know I am reviewing
kitchen gadgets.
I'm becoming a bit of a kitchen gadget master
and I wanna share that with you.
So despite the fact that Mrs. Barry has left the
dishwasher on and there's a slight ambience of it
in the background today we're doing this thing.
It is the Chef'n Twist and Sprout,
brussel sprout prep tool.
Twist to trim and core.
Now I realise that this may not be relatable to many people
because I feel that British, British sprouts yes,
brussel sprouts are a very British thing.
Sorry I'm not drunk I just miss doing videos.
Also given the fact that it's midway through January
I was a little concerned I wouldn't be able to
hold of any brussel sprouts.
But as you'll see in my behind the scenes vlog this week
which is on this camera right here.
This scene's gonna look really weird on the vlog
but now you guys get preference alright.
You'll see that I manage to get hold of them.
Yes, these things.
And they do make you trump quite a lot.
Very popular around Christmas time and I am so glad
I got them.
So with it being gadget of the week hopefully we can test
this thing out.
There'll be a range of gadgets,
there'll be some novelty ones,
there'll be some relatively easy ones like this.
And some more advanced ones.
We'll just keep it going every week.
See now brussel sprouts they have this relatively hard
bottom on it.
What a very British way to view a sprout but it's
quite rough and a lot of people just trim it off.
My nan was very old school, she'd do a cross in it
just to help it cook faster.
But essentially this tool will eliminate the need
for crossing your bottom or slicing off your hard bottom.
So you simply pierce the stem and twist to remove the core
leaving you with brussel sprouts without a core.
I've seen this bloke before, David Holcomb.
Yeah, this bloke right here.
Famous inventor.
I wanna be a famous inventor one day.
Brussel sprout prep tool, twist to turn and core,
quickly removes stem and dense core.
Dense core.
Creates brussel sprouts that cook more evenly, nice.
Helps loosen leaves for broiling or roasting.
Pierce the stem with the tip of the tool,
push on and twist.
Then it says hand wash recommended.
I think that's just a general advice.
Always wash your hands folks.
(plastic crunching)
Alright, so as usual (groans) let's take this thing out.
We won't be using that box again.
I am gonna be giving this gadget away at the end of the
video by the way.
I've already decided who I'm giving it to.
Oh wow, it's actually a lot more dangerous than I
thought it was going to be.
From the packaging it looks hopefully to you too
just like a very basic plastic ring.
But actually this point here, this bit there,
you see that, that is quite a sharp point.
It's not a blade but speaking of blades there are some
either side.
They're kind of like pencil sharpener blades.
Very sharp indeed.
So hopefully that's gonna core our sprouties.
Incidentally if you like this gadget I'll leave a link
to an affiliate link down below.
Where I might make two cents or one P or something
like that, amazing.
And also if you missed any of the kitchen gadget testing
videos to date there's multiple ones and individual ones
on various playlists so you're gonna need the popcorn,
it's a proper marathon.
Just gotta wash this. (water running)
Alright, nice and clean.
So there's our rough bottom.
We stick this down onto apparently the point okay.
So that's just kind of gripped it.
(laughing) Look at that.
Oh, it's like a rubbish trophy or something.
So we push down and then ah, okay.
Twisting up baby now, twist and sprout.
We just twist like this.
Oh it's working but it's raining sprouts on my hand.
Again, that's like a garnish.
(sprout grinding)
But when do we stop? (sprout grinding)
It's definitely done it.
Wow, yeah that has worked well.
I just didn't know when to stop.
We'll keep, we'll do another one.
But that has definitely taken some of the bottom out,
you see that?
It's like a crater.
Really stinks as well.
Push in and twist.
So this one I'm gonna just keep going.
(sprout grinding)
Really wanna hold it down 'cause yeah,
it's raining, it's raining sprouts.
(sprout grinding)
Oh wow, that's taken half the sprout out of it.
They smell so bad.
But no, it is actually working.
It definitely the white bit, that's the nasty ooh,
stumpy bit.
Which does soften up to be honest, if you do don't even
take them off.
It just takes a little bit longer.
It's a bit more butch, a bit more crunch.
The one down side to it is if you really wanna be
specific about this there is still some
white stumpy bit left.
We'll do one more.
This time I'm gonna put it down there.
Twist. (sprout grinding)
Yes, oh wow look it's formed like a little screw of sprout.
See that?
Like a little Christmas tree.
It's not a bad gadget so far, it could actually help some
people with disabilities with a sort of cutting action.
So there's one way to put it to the test.
We'll get some normal sized ones where I haven't removed
the bottom and our cored ones and we'll just see if there's
much of a taste difference.
Because apparently there should be.
It should cook quicker too.
But if only I had a pan of water coming to a boil while
I was doing that.
Oh yeah, yeah I did.
Did you just do that?
Oh yeah you did.
So just while that water's coming to a boil we've got
four reviews here.
Four reviews and it's three stars.
So that's 2.8 out of five stars.
First of all, top review is from Martin Gillham
who says good.
Pitiscus, I thought this worked very nicely.
It's good for chantenay carrots too.
Oh nice.
Damn I didn't get any of those.
Good idea though.
Now we've got two negative reviews.
One from Ravid Harswayne.
Total gimmick, felt like an idiot using it.
It takes three seconds to slice the end of a sprout off,
and nick a cross in it with a sharp knife.
It takes the same number of, wait for it to load,
seconds to turn a sprout into a big mess.
I did kind of do that to be fair.
He does have a point.
But it could help some people.
And Maureen's gone for the one star.
Very hard to turn into the core, waste of money.
Well Maureen I didn't struggle with coring it,
but I might tend to agree with Ravid that it might be
a little bit of a waste.
But it could help some people as I said.
So we're gonna put the sprouts in.
We've got three where I've put a cross in the bottom,
three normal ones, I don't know what's going on
with that one, that's like the elephant man's head
or something.
That's crazy.
And our three cored ones, okay?
We're just about there for it.
And I think my dishwasher's stopped.
Amazing.
Sorry if you heard that for most of the video.
These are the ones with nothing done to it.
These are my cross ones, my holy sprouts.
And these are the ones with the cores.
And now, eight minutes, the recommended time for boiling
on the hob, of sprout cooking.
Just kidding I'm gonna jump to once we're done.
(trumpets blaring)
My sprouts are done.
It's time for the great British sprout off.
Sorry due to budget the best thing I can do is
get the queen to oversee the tasting of the sprouts.
And the dishwasher started up again, amazing.
On another note actually, a Mike Tulon sent me a link
on Facebook to this thing that you're gonna see on the
screen right now.
So part of the changes I'm gonna be doing to the channel
this year is just to open up a little bit more.
Still primarily about cooking.
I wanna review lots of other gadgets as well as doing more
lifestyle things every now and then.
And he sent me this link to this solar powered waving
queen which I have ordered.
So I'll probably do like a random things on Amazon
I've found gadget review thing.
So if you see anything weird like that you wanna see
me get hold of I'll order it on Amazon
and we'll just have a bit of a laugh.
Now the builders are going for it now next door.
Can you hear that?
No, it doesn't matter.
Let's keep it real.
Normal sprout, nothing done to the bottom.
Criss cross will make you jump jump sprout sprout.
And our lovely cored ones.
I'm gonna get my tasting fork.
A familiar gadget the kids love.
(electric whirring) (laughing)
Oh that's tough.
This is the one that we've done nothing to it.
It's been cooked for the minimum time.
(sniffing)
Hmm, hmmm, (laughs).
Right?
They were pretending they weren't looking.
I would like to say that that was kind of a
medium rare sprout.
It was definitely the bottom had a bit of crunch to it.
Hmm, so these are as my nan would say nice
criss crossed sprouts.
Oh, still a little tough actually.
(chewing loudly)
Hmm, hmm, ooh.
It's still got that stump, there's just a little bit ooh.
Whereas these ones we've taken the stump out.
So I'm gonna push straight into this one.
Oh that's gone in like a dream.
Like a glove.
(clunking in the background)
The postman.
Really nice bloke.
Used to have a horrible postman.
Sorry I just remembered I was eating a sprout.
That was fine, that was absolutely perfect.
There's no core in it, we've taken most of that horrible
butt out.
The rest, another couple of minutes you'll be fine
but in essence of speed if you do want the cores out
of your bum I think the Twist and Sprout,
twisting up baby now, is a winner.
Every one of these gadgets will be given away on
gadget of the week because I don't want it taking over
my house anymore.
So this one is gonna go to the person that first
liked my tweet this morning when I mentioned about sprouts.
And that person is Austin Kosinski.
Okay, you're on the screen right now.
I'm literally just following you.
Send me a direct message mate,
I'm gonna send you this and sign it if you want.
I'm just a bloke I don't need to sign it.
But anyhow, hope you enjoyed the gadget of the week.
Don't forget to subscribe for regular recipes,
food fun and lifestyle stuff without the style.
That's the new phrase I think.
Hope you're good guys.
I really miss doing videos.
I'm back baby, buh bye.
-------------------------------------------
От Ростова-на-Дону до Адлера за 30 минут - Duration: 30:00.
For more infomation >> От Ростова-на-Дону до Адлера за 30 минут - Duration: 30:00. -------------------------------------------
Аниме приколы под музыку #59 | Анкорд жжет |anime crack |Аниме моменты |Аниме музыка (Specially) +18 - Duration: 4:41.
For more infomation >> Аниме приколы под музыку #59 | Анкорд жжет |anime crack |Аниме моменты |Аниме музыка (Specially) +18 - Duration: 4:41. -------------------------------------------
💓5 DIY Home Decor Projects from Reclaimed Woods💓 - Duration: 3:59.
Don't throw away all wood items that are scattered around your home.
With 5 DIY home décor projects video from reclaimed woods
next, you will know that those
trashes can actually be transformed into beautiful things.
As always, this idea brought to you by simphome.com
1.Shoe rack from pallet
Pallet is the most frequently reused wood item
for decorative purpose.
Pallet is a platform for loads generally used
for industrial and commercial purposes.
When it is no longer usable, creative individuals will try
to snatch it for use in their creative projects.
One way to reuse pallet is by making shoe rack from it.
Disassemble the pallet, collect the planks,
sand them to make them smoother,
and make a rustic shoe rack from them.
Painting is optional as they already look exotic
and beautiful with their natural look.
2.Farmhouse dining furniture
New England houses are constructed primarily
from wood planks and bars which later can be salvaged
and reused when the houses
are no longer habitable or when renovation is needed.
There are many beautiful things that can be made
from those salvaged wood items.
Farmhouse dining furniture is one of them.
Farmhouse dining furniture consists of a large dining table
and dining chairs with very simple design,
making them easy to make even for
newbies in carpentry and furniture designing.
3.Photo frame from twigs
The twigs and branches that fall from the
trees are not necessarily trashes.
Pick them and create a photo frame from them
and you have transformed previously unused
wood items into a nice-looking decorative element for your wall.
You can use thread or rubber band to bind
the twigs and to make them a rectangular frame.
You can also coat them with varnish or
paint to make them more durable and look better.
To make them even more beautiful, you can use artificial flowers
and leaves to decorate the frame.
4.Wooden sliding door
Sometimes, to reuse a wood item,
you don't always need to disassemble it
and to create a new item from it.
A barn door, for instance, can be reused directly
as a sliding door for your home without having to disassemble it.
You only need to do minor repair to the door
to replace rotten wood planks and door components
that have become rusty or malfunctioning.
Afterwards, you can varnish the door or paint it
or simply leave the door as it is.
5.Wall panel
You can actually make wood tiles from unused
wood planks and disassembled pallet.
If you can prepare many wood tiles from those wood items,
you can make a wall panel from them.
Wood wall panel looks beautiful when you use it
as a backdrop for your modern furnishings and appliances.
Of course, you need to sand them and if needed varnish them
to improve their elegant look
and to make them more suitable for both traditional
and modern home designs.
Done,
it was 5 DIY Home Décor Projects from Reclaimed Woods video.
Come back again next time with more home,
Apartment MAKEOVER, and decorating ideas
Like this video, comment it, or better yet,
share it with everyone in your social circle.
Dont forget to press subcribe button if this channel is new to you.
See you again later.. and
THANKS FOR WATCHING
-------------------------------------------
Top 10 Signs You Are Not Eating Enough Protein - Duration: 4:26.
For more infomation >> Top 10 Signs You Are Not Eating Enough Protein - Duration: 4:26. -------------------------------------------
How To Get More Views On YouTube With TubeBuddy - Duration: 8:55.
How To Get More Views On With TubeBuddy - How To Get More Views on Using Tubebuddy - in
This Video I'll Show
You " How
To Get More Views on In Urdu Hindi Using Tubebuddy " .
Tubebuddy
is A Free Chrome Extension let Allows you to
Make Your Video Searchable And Ranked.
In This Video
I Briefly Show You How To Get Mor Views
on With Tubebuddy.
You
can
Rank Your Videos on With
Tubebuddy and
Let can Get Alot Of Views.
My Next Video Will : VidIQ - How To Use Vidiq - Best tool For Creators.
How to Get More Views on YouTube With Tubebuddy
-------------------------------------------
Ghostbusters | Wii | #7 | Perseguição - Duration: 35:58.
For more infomation >> Ghostbusters | Wii | #7 | Perseguição - Duration: 35:58. -------------------------------------------
NEW ICO - BITCOIN DIAMOND!W ICO - Duration: 3:14.
Today i wanna show you
New very interesting ico - Bitcoin diamond
remember if you don't know how it works
don't invest anything bitcoin is
at this moment the most popular and the most valuable
cryptocurrency
But there was a better, more modern and future-oriented alternative, Bitcoin Diamond.
It was separated from the original bitcoin blockchain in
November 2017,
that is why a new cryptocurrency was created
In total, there are around 21 million traditional bitcoins in the world
that's why it is the most-limited cryptocurrency
And there are 210 milions of bitcoin diamond
that counts 10 times of normal bitcoin
which creates more opportunities for future investors
Free transactions with the use definitely accelerate in the case of diamond
thanks to the use of Segwit technology
Lepsza wersja bitcoina jest dużo bezpieczniejsza ponieważ posiada szyfrowanie transakcji i sald
And most importantly, in diamond bitcoin there are lower commissions than in traditional bitcoin.
Diamond is available on over 30 international exchanges, such as bin Lad or Kucoin
Although the diamond exceeds the traditional bitcoin considerably,
it has not been created to compete with Bitcoin but to improve the experience of using investors and users
Very good on the part of crypto is that you can maintain
excellent contact with investors through social media
which is very respectful because thanks to all this seems to be more "user friendly"
In addition, the bitcoin diamond is supported by
secure electrumco wallets
and increases interest in it
In addition, Diamond is developing strongly, for example,
recently they have partnered with hedgeconnect.co,
with acute angle, or with game.com, which we owe to GCoins
In addition, the Bitcoin Diamond team on twitter
recently organized a very nice contest in
which you could win the equivalent of over $ 500,
they often provide important information from the point of view
of the stock market and other curiosities, so if you have a twitter then you can watch them
All portfolios and exchanges operating with this cryptocurrency
as well as more information can be found on the BTCD.io
if you are interested in this cryptocurrency and you know it,
I invite you to invest,
but remember that you invest only as much as you can lose if you do not know
if you do not know much about cryptocurrencies and
you would like to start investing in my friend cdx's channel - it helped me to get the movie done
and planned to make a guide about investing etc.
In recent days, the price of this currency is very hesitant
so you can earn a lot on it, or in the worst case, lose
it from me, I invite you to the channels of my fellow randemes and cdx
-------------------------------------------
The Weirdest Mortgage Statistic You'll See All Day // Today's Mortgage News - Growella - Duration: 2:55.
A new survey shows consumers think it's harder to get a mortgage approved in 2018,
and those consumers are wrong.
This is Dan on your inside team at Growella with today's Mortgage Minute-and-a-Half.
According to Fannie Mae's monthly National Housing Survey, a survey of one thousand U.S.
consumers nationwide, forty-four percent of people now think it would be difficult to
get a mortgage approved by a lender.
Now, this isn't the highest reading for this stat, but it is a six-point increase
from the month prior, which is the biggest thirty-day change in sentiment since early
two-thousand fourteen.
And, that's weird because, over the last four years, it's gotten steadily easier
to get approved.
The government has made available a multitude of mortgage products for underserved markets,
high and low credit borrowers, and for dozens of other niches.
And, mortgage approval rates today are high.
Look, in two-thousand fourteen, only fifty-five percent of mortgage applications ever made
it to closing.
Today, seventy-one percent of them do.
And that's data from Ellie Mae, whose software handles more than three million loans annually.
We're not talking about a small sample set.
Getting a loan approved isn't as difficult as you might think.
You might find it difficult to find your most suitable program, but to get approved is not
a huge challenge.
And believing that it is could keep you from applying.
So, get on the phone with a lender.
Talk about your options.
Or click the link in the description to connect with a member of our team.
Mortgage rates are unchanged this morning.
Conforming 30-year rates are near four percent, FHA mortgage rates are near three-point-eight-seven-five
percent, and VA and USDA mortgage rates are near near three-point-seven-five percent.
Your rate will vary based on your loan size, your credit score, and where you live.
How you pay closing costs will affect your rate, too.
Pay discount points and closing costs and you'll get access to lower rates.
Take your lender's zero-closing cost option and your rates will be slightly higher.
Rates do vary among lenders, too, so talk two or more and find the rate-and-fee combination
that works best for you.
Mortgage rates are unchanged this morning.
Conforming 30-year rates are near four-one-two-five percent, FHA mortgage rates near four percent,
and VA and USDA mortgage rates are near near three-point-eight-seven-five percent.
Your rate will vary based on your loan size, your credit score, and where you live.
How you pay closing costs will affect your rate, too.
Pay discount points and closing costs and you'll get access to lower rates.
Take your lender's zero-closing cost option and your rates will be slightly higher.
Rates do vary among lenders, too, so talk two or more and find the rate-and-fee combination
that works best for you.
Mortgage rates are unchanged this morning.
Conforming 30-year rates are near three-point-eight-seven-five percent, FHA mortgage rates are a little lower
at three-point-seven five, and VA and USDA mortgage rates are the lowest near near three-point-six-two-five
percent.
Your rate will vary based on your loan size, your credit score, and where you live.
How you pay closing costs will affect your rate, too.
Pay discount points and closing costs and you'll get access to lower rates.
Take your lender's zero-closing cost option and your rates will be slightly higher.
Rates do vary among lenders, too, so talk two or more and find the rate-and-fee combination
that works best for you.
On the topic of mortgage approvals, let's talk paperwork.
Because it's important.
At the start of a mortgage approval sequence, lenders make requests for financial documents
including tax returns, pay stubs, and statements from the bank.
And whether you do your loan via an app on your phone, or some other way, your lender
will ask you for these docs.
You'll also be asked for supporting documentation.
Maybe your drivers license.
Maybe receipts from your rent.
Your social security number to verify your credit.
All of these things your lender needs.
They're part of the signoff on your loan and, sometimes, providing these papers will
be a pain to you.
Just work through it.
Your lender is not in the business of collecting paperwork.
It's in the business of making loans.
It's what lenders do.
Lenders lend.
Otherwise, they go out of business.
When a lender asks you for to send additional documentation of some thing, it's because
they're checking a box they need to make you your loan.
They'll never ask for more than they need and the faster you get back, the faster you
can close.
For mortgage rates and personal finance news, visit Growella.com.
Give us a like and don't forget to subscribe.
-------------------------------------------
Handynummer klar machen [subtitled] | Knallerfrauen mit Martina Hill - Duration: 0:31.
Can I have your number? So I can meet you the next days
Yes, sure
0172
548
29
16
6
23
3
3
3
3
13
23
576
and so on..
-------------------------------------------
Basketball Diaries Episode 6 "MY STORY" - Duration: 4:19.
For more infomation >> Basketball Diaries Episode 6 "MY STORY" - Duration: 4:19. -------------------------------------------
Conchita über Céline Dion - #ConchitaFVWL - Berliner Philharmonie - 07.11.2017 - Duration: 2:36.
I've really gotten to know a lot of great and famous people
and for many - I admit it - I was a bit 'too cool for school'
because I thought for a minute, I belong!
And I also thought of Céline: Pfft, okay, right? Celine Dion, yes, let's just meet her. With pleasure.
And the moment got closer and I noticed something
I did not know about me: gasping, sweaty hands.
And we arrived to the Meet & Greet room. You have to imagine that, it's a
situation, as if you go to the doctor: you sit in a row, everyone has his or her own chair and everyone has a number.
So, Céline knows exactly when it's your turn. I was No. 4.
And just before No. 1 was called into the room, I heard high heels ...
and she was behind this curtain, I knew it, and I was not feeling well!
Anyway, No. 1 goes in and I've heard it and she greets her and I thought to myself: Wow, she says hello!
My nerves were at breaking point!
And suddenly it's my turn and that nice old woman - not Céline!
asks me to come in and I turn the corner and there she is and ... ha!
And then she greets me directly with the words: I love what you do!
And I thought to myself: Oh God, now I'm going to faint!
And she was so beautiful, and so tall, and had too big hair!
It was exactly how I wanted it to be!
And she was adorable and after a minute it was all over and I didn't have my life anymore ...
... it was ... ha ... yes.
Actually, I'd need to take a break now.
But I dedicate the next song a bit to her: Pure.
-------------------------------------------
The Anti-Federalist Papers | Brutus 1 - Duration: 29:14.
To the
Citizens of the State of New-York.
When the public is called to investigate and decide upon a question in which not only the
present members of the community are deeply interested, but upon which the happiness and
misery of generations yet unborn is in great measure suspended, the benevolent mind cannot
help feeling itself peculiarly interested in the result.
In this situation, I trust the feeble efforts of an individual, to lead the minds of the
people to a wise and prudent determination, cannot fail of being acceptable to the candid
and dispassionate part of the community.
Encouraged by this consideration, I have been induced to offer my thoughts upon the present
important crisis of our public affairs.
Perhaps this country never saw so critical a period in their political concerns.
We have felt the feebleness of the ties by which these United-States are held together,
and the want of sufficient energy in our present confederation, to manage, in some instances,
our general concerns.
Various expedients have been proposed to remedy these evils, but none have succeeded.
At length a Convention of the states has been assembled, they have formed a constitution
which will now, probably, be submitted to the people to ratify or reject, who are the
fountain of all power, to whom alone it of right belongs to make or unmake constitutions,
or forms of government, at their pleasure.
The most important question that was ever proposed to your decision, or to the decision
of any people under heaven, is before you, and you are to decide upon it by men of your
own election, chosen specially for this purpose.
If the constitution, offered to [your acceptance], be a wise one, calculated to preserve the
invaluable blessings of liberty, to secure the inestimable rights of mankind, and promote
human happiness, then, if you accept it, you will lay a lasting foundation of happiness
for millions yet unborn; generations to come will rise up and call you blessed.
You may rejoice in the prospects of this vast extended continent becoming filled with freemen,
who will assert the dignity of human nature.
You may solace yourselves with the idea, that society, in this favoured land, will fast
advance to the highest point of perfection; the human mind will expand in knowledge and
virtue, and the golden age be, in some measure, realised.
But if, on the other hand, this form of government contains principles that will lead to the
subversion of liberty — if it tends to establish a despotism, or, what is worse, a tyrannic
aristocracy; then, if you adopt it, this only remaining assylum for liberty will be [shut]
up, and posterity will execrate your memory.
Momentous then is the question you have to determine, and you are called upon by every
motive which should influence a noble and virtuous mind, to examine it well, and to
make up a wise judgment.
It is insisted, indeed, that this constitution must be received, be it ever so imperfect.
If it has its defects, it is said, they can be best amended when they are experienced.
But remember, when the people once part with power, they can seldom or never resume it
again but by force.
Many instances can be produced in which the people have voluntarily increased the powers
of their rulers; but few, if any, in which rulers have willingly abridged their authority.
This is a sufficient reason to induce you to be careful, in the first instance, how
you deposit the powers of government.
With these few introductory remarks I shall proceed to a consideration of this constitution:
The first question that presents itself on the subject is, whether a confederated government
be the best for the United States or not?
Or in other words, whether the thirteen United States should be reduced to one great republic,
governed by one legislature, and under the direction of one executive and judicial; or
whether they should continue thirteen confederated republics, under the direction and controul
of a supreme federal head for certain defined national purposes only?
This enquiry is important, because, although the government reported by the convention
does not go to a perfect and entire consolidation, yet it approaches so near to it, that it must,
if executed, certainly and infallibly terminate in it.
This government is to possess absolute and uncontroulable power, legislative, executive
and judicial, with respect to every object to which it extends, for by the last clause
of section 8th, article Ist, it is declared "that the Congress shall have power to make
all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing
powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution, in the government of the United
States; or in any department or office thereof."
And by the 6th article, it is declared "that this constitution, and the laws of the United
States, which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and the treaties made, or which shall be made,
under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and
the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution, or law of any
state to the contrary notwithstanding."
It appears from these articles that there is no need of any intervention of the state
governments, between the Congress and the people, to execute any one power vested in
the general government, and that the constitution and laws of every state are nullified and
declared void, so far as they are or shall be inconsistent with this constitution, or
the laws made in pursuance of it, or with treaties made under the authority of the United
States.
— The government then, so far as it extends, is a complete one, and not a confederation.
It is as much one complete government as that of New-York or Massachusetts, has as absolute
and perfect powers to make and execute all laws, to appoint officers, institute courts,
declare offences, and annex penalties, with respect to every object to which it extends,
as any other in the world.
So far therefore as its powers reach, all ideas of confederation are given up and lost.
It is true this government is limited to certain objects, or to speak more properly, some small
degree of power is still left to the states, but a little attention to the powers vested
in the general government, will convince every candid man, that if it is capable of being
executed, all that is reserved for the individual states must very soon be annihilated, except
so far as they are barely necessary to the organization of the general government.
The powers of the general legislature extend to every case that is of the least importance
— there is nothing valuable to human nature, nothing dear to freemen, but what is within
its power.
It has authority to make laws which will affect the lives, the liberty, and property of every
man in the United States; nor can the constitution or laws of any state, in any way prevent or
impede the full and complete execution of every power given.
The legislative power is competent to lay taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; — there
is no limitation to this power, unless it be said that the clause which directs the
use to which those taxes, and duties shall be applied, may be said to be a limitation;
but this is no restriction of the power at all, for by this clause they are to be applied
to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United
States; but the legislature have authority to contract debts at their discretion; they
are the sole judges of what is necessary to provide for the common defence, and they only
are to determine what is for the general welfare: this power therefore is neither more nor less,
than a power to lay and collect taxes, imposts, and excises, at their pleasure; not only the
power to lay taxes unlimited, as to the amount they may require, but it is perfect and absolute
to raise them in any mode they please.
No state legislature, or any power in the state governments, have any more to do in
carrying this into effect, than the authority of one state has to do with that of another.
In the business therefore of laying and collecting taxes, the idea of confederation is totally
lost, and that of one entire republic is embraced.
It is proper here to remark, that the authority to lay and collect taxes is the most important
of any power that can be granted; it connects with it almost all other powers, or at least
will in process of time draw all other after it; it is the great mean of protection, security,
and defence, in a good government, and the great engine of oppression and tyranny in
a bad one.
This cannot fail of being the case, if we consider the contracted limits which are set
by this constitution, to the late governments, on this article of raising money.
No state can emit paper money — lay any duties, or imposts, on imports, or exports,
but by consent of the Congress; and then the net produce shall be for the benefit of the
United States.
The only mean therefore left, for any state to support its government and discharge its
debts, is by direct taxation; and the United States have also power to lay and collect
taxes, in any way they please.
Every one who has thought on the subject, must be convinced that but small sums of money
can be collected in any country, by direct taxe[s], when the foederal government begins
to exercise the right of taxation in all its parts, the legislatures of the several states
will find it impossible to raise monies to support their governments.
Without money they cannot be supported, and they must dwindle away, and, as before observed,
their powers absorbed in that of the general government.
It might be here shewn, that the power in the federal legislative, to raise and support
armies at pleasure, as well in peace as in war, and their controul over the militia,
tend, not only to a consolidation of the government, but the destruction of liberty.
— I shall not, however, dwell upon these, as a few observations upon the judicial power
of this government, in addition to the preceding, will fully evince the truth of the position.
The judicial power of the United States is to be vested in a supreme court, and in such
inferior courts as Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.
The powers of these courts are very extensive; their jurisdiction comprehends all civil causes,
except such as arise between citizens of the same state; and it extends to all cases in
law and equity arising under the constitution.
One inferior court must be established, I presume, in each state at least, with the
necessary executive officers appendant thereto.
It is easy to see, that in the common course of things, these courts will eclipse the dignity,
and take away from the respectability, of the state courts.
These courts will be, in themselves, totally independent of the states, deriving their
authority from the United States, and receiving from them fixed salaries; and in the course
of human events it is to be expected, that they will swallow up all the powers of the
courts in the respective states.
How far the clause in the 8th section of the Ist article may operate to do away all idea
of confederated states, and to effect an entire consolidation of the whole into one general
government, it is impossible to say.
The powers given by this article are very general and comprehensive, and it may receive
a construction to justify the passing almost any law.
A power to make all laws, which shall be necessary and proper, for carrying into execution, all
powers vested by the constitution in the government of the United States, or any department or
officer thereof, is a power very comprehensive and definite, and may, for ought I know, be
exercised in a such manner as entirely to abolish the state legislatures.
Suppose the legislature of a state should pass a law to raise money to support their
government and pay the state debt, may the Congress repeal this law, because it may prevent
the collection of a tax which they may think proper and necessary to lay, to provide for
the general welfare of the United States?
For all laws made, in pursuance of this constitution, are the supreme lay of the land, and the judges
in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of the different
states to the contrary notwithstanding.
— By such a law, the government of a particular state might be overturned at one stroke, and
thereby be deprived of every means of its support.
It is not meant, by stating this case, to insinuate that the constitution would warrant
a law of this kind; or unnecessarily to alarm the fears of the people, by suggesting, that
the federal legislature would be more likely to pass the limits assigned them by the constitution,
than that of an individual state, further than they are less responsible to the people.
But what is meant is, that the legislature of the United States are vested with the great
and uncontroulable powers, of laying and collecting taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; of regulating
trade, raising and supporting armies, organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, instituting
courts, and other general powers.
And are by this clause invested with the power of making all laws, proper and necessary,
for carrying all these into execution; and they may so exercise this power as entirely
to annihilate all the state governments, and reduce this country to one single government.
And if they may do it, it is pretty certain they will; for it will be found that the power
retained by individual states, small as it is, will be a clog upon the wheels of the
government of the United States; the latter therefore will be naturally inclined to remove
it out of the way.
Besides, it is a truth confirmed by the unerring experience of ages, that every man, and every
body of men, invested with power, are ever disposed to increase it, and to acquire a
superiority over every thing that stands in their way.
This disposition, which is implanted in human nature, will operate in the federal legislature
to lessen and ultimately to subvert the state authority, and having such advantages, will
most certainly succeed, if the federal government succeeds at all.
It must be very evident then, that what this constitution wants of being a complete consolidation
of the several parts of the union into one complete government, possessed of perfect
legislative, judicial, and executive powers, to all intents and purposes, it will necessarily
acquire in its exercise and operation.
Let us now proceed to enquire, as I at first proposed, whether it be best the thirteen
United States should be reduced to one great republic, or not?
It is here taken for granted, that all agree in this, that whatever government we adopt,
it ought to be a free one; that it should be so framed as to secure the liberty of the
citizens of America, and such an one as to admit of a full, fair, and equal representation
of the people.
The question then will be, whether a government thus constituted, and founded on such principles,
is practicable, and can be exercised over the whole United States, reduced into one
state?
If respect is to be paid to the opinion of the greatest and wisest men who have ever
thought or wrote on the science of government, we shall be constrained to conclude, that
a free republic cannot succeed over a country of such immense extent, containing such a
number of inhabitants, and these encreasing in such rapid progression as that of the whole
United States.
Among the many illustrious authorities which might be produced to this point, I shall content
myself with quoting only two.
The one is the baron de Montesquieu, spirit of laws, chap. xvi. vol.
I [book VIII].
"It is natural to a republic to have only a small territory, otherwise it cannot long
subsist.
In a large republic there are men of large fortunes, and consequently of less moderation;
there are trusts too great to be placed in any single subject; he has interest of his
own; he soon begins to think that he may be happy, great and glorious, by oppressing his
fellow citizens; and that he may raise himself to grandeur on the ruins of his country.
In a large republic, the public good is sacrificed to a thousand views; it is subordinate to
exceptions, and depends on accidents.
In a small one, the interest of the public is easier perceived, better understood, and
more within the reach of every citizen; abuses are of less extent, and of course are less
protected."
Of the same opinion is the marquis Beccarari.
History furnishes no example of a free republic, any thing like the extent of the United States.
The Grecian republics were of small extent; so also was that of the Romans.
Both of these, it is true, in process of time, extended their conquests over large territories
of country; and the consequence was, that their governments were changed from that of
free governments to those of the most tyrannical that ever existed in the world.
Not only the opinion of the greatest men, and the experience of mankind, are against
the idea of an extensive republic, but a variety of reasons may be drawn from the reason and
nature of things, against it.
In every government, the will of the sovereign is the law.
In despotic governments, the supreme authority being lodged in one, his will is law, and
can be as easily expressed to a large extensive territory as to a small one.
In a pure democracy the people are the sovereign, and their will is declared by themselves;
for this purpose they must all come together to deliberate, and decide.
This kind of government cannot be exercised, therefore, over a country of any considerable
extent; it must be confined to a single city, or at least limited to such bounds as that
the people can conveniently assemble, be able to debate, understand the subject submitted
to them, and declare their opinion concerning it.
In a free republic, although all laws are derived from the consent of the people, yet
the people do not declare their consent by themselves in person, but by representatives,
chosen by them, who are supposed to know the minds of their constituents, and to be possessed
of integrity to declare this mind.
In every free government, the people must give their assent to the laws by which they
are governed.
This is the true criterion between a free government and an arbitrary one.
The former are ruled by the will of the whole, expressed in any manner they may agree upon;
the latter by the will of one, or a few.
If the people are to give their assent to the laws, by persons chosen and appointed
by them, the manner of the choice and the number chosen, must be such, as to possess,
be disposed, and consequently qualified to declare the sentiments of the people; for
if they do not know, or are not disposed to speak the sentiments of the people, the people
do not govern, but the sovereignty is in a few.
Now, in a large extended country, it is impossible to have a representation, possessing the sentiments,
and of integrity, to declare the minds of the people, without having it so numerous
and unwieldly, as to be subject in great measure to the inconveniency of a democratic government.
The territory of the United States is of vast extent; it now contains near three millions
of souls, and is capable of containing much more than ten times that number.
Is it practicable for a country, so large and so numerous as they will soon become,
to elect a representation, that will speak their sentiments, without their becoming so
numerous as to be incapable of transacting public business?
It certainly is not.
In a republic, the manners, sentiments, and interests of the people should be similar.
If this be not the case, there will be a constant clashing of opinions; and the representatives
of one part will be continually striving against those of the other.
This will retard the operations of government, and prevent such conclusions as will promote
the public good.
If we apply this remark to the condition of the United States, we shall be convinced that
it forbids that we should be one government.
The United States includes a variety of climates.
The productions of the different parts of the union are very variant, and their interests,
of consequence, diverse.
Their manners and habits differ as much as their climates and productions; and their
sentiments are by no means coincident.
The laws and customs of the several states are, in many respects, very diverse, and in
some opposite; each would be in favor of its own interests and customs, and, of consequence,
a legislature, formed of representatives from the respective parts, would not only be too
numerous to act with any care or decision, but would be composed of such heterogenous
and discordant principles, as would constantly be contending with each other.
The laws cannot be executed in a republic, of an extent equal to that of the United States,
with promptitude.
The magistrates in every government must be supported in the execution of the laws, either
by an armed force, maintained at the public expence for that purpose; or by the people
turning out to aid the magistrate upon his command, in case of resistance.
In despotic governments, as well as in all the monarchies of Europe, standing armies
are kept up to execute the commands of the prince or the magistrate, and are employed
for this purpose when occasion requires: But they have always proved the destruction of
liberty, and [are] abhorrent to the spirit of a free republic.
In England, where they depend upon the parliament for their annual support, they have always
been complained of as oppressive and unconstitutional, and are seldom employed in executing of the
laws; never except on extraordinary occasions, and then under the direction of a civil magistrate.
A free republic will never keep a standing army to execute its laws.
It must depend upon the support of its citizens.
But when a government is to receive its support from the aid of the citizens, it must be so
constructed as to have the confidence, respect, and affection of the people.
Men who, upon the call of the magistrate, offer themselves to execute the laws, are
influenced to do it either by affection to the government, or from fear; where a standing
army is at hand to punish offenders, every man is actuated by the latter principle, and
therefore, when the magistrate calls, will obey: but, where this is not the case, the
government must rest for its support upon the confidence and respect which the people
have for their government and laws.
The body of the people being attached, the government will always be sufficient to support
and execute its laws, and to operate upon the fears of any faction which may be opposed
to it, not only to prevent an opposition to the execution of the laws themselves, but
also to compel the most of them to aid the magistrate; but the people will not be likely
to have such confidence in their rulers, in a republic so extensive as the United States,
as necessary for these purposes.
The confidence which the people have in their rulers, in a free republic, arises from their
knowing them, from their being responsible to them for their conduct, and from the power
they have of displacing them when they misbehave: but in a republic of the extent of this continent,
the people in general would be acquainted with very few of their rulers: the people
at large would know little of their proceedings, and it would be extremely difficult to change
them.
The people in Georgia and New-Hampshire would not know one another's mind, and therefore
could not act in concert to enable them to effect a general change of representatives.
The different parts of so extensive a country could not possibly be made acquainted with
the conduct of their representatives, nor be informed of the reasons upon which measures
were founded.
The consequence will be, they will have no confidence in their legislature, suspect them
of ambitious views, be jealous of every measure they adopt, and will not support the laws
they pass.
Hence the government will be nerveless and inefficient, and no way will be left to render
it otherwise, but by establishing an armed force to execute the laws at the point of
the bayonet — a government of all others the most to be dreaded.
In a republic of such vast extent as the United-States, the legislature cannot attend to the various
concerns and wants of its different parts.
It cannot be sufficiently numerous to be acquainted with the local condition and wants of the
different districts, and if it could, it is impossible it should have sufficient time
to attend to and provide for all the variety of cases of this nature, that would be continually
arising.
In so extensive a republic, the great officers of government would soon become above the
controul of the people, and abuse their power to the purpose of aggrandizing themselves,
and oppressing them.
The trust committed to the executive offices, in a country of the extent of the United-States,
must be various and of magnitude.
The command of all the troops and navy of the republic, the appointment of officers,
the power of pardoning offences, the collecting of all the public revenues, and the power
of expending them, with a number of other powers, must be lodged and exercised in every
state, in the hands of a few.
When these are attended with great honor and emolument, as they always will be in large
states, so as greatly to interest men to pursue them, and to be proper objects for ambitious
and designing men, such men will be ever restless in their pursuit after them.
They will use the power, when they have acquired it, to the purposes of gratifying their own
interest and ambition, and it is scarcely possible, in a very large republic, to call
them to account for their misconduct, or to prevent their abuse of power.
These are some of the reasons by which it appears, that a free republic cannot long
subsist over a country of the great extent of these states.
If then this new constitution is calculated to consolidate the thirteen states into one,
as it evidently is, it ought not to be adopted.
Though I am of opinion, that it is a sufficient objection to this government, to reject it,
that it creates the whole union into one government, under the form of a republic, yet if this
objection was obviated, there are exceptions to it, which are so material and fundamental,
that they ought to determine every man, who is a friend to the liberty and happiness of
mankind, not to adopt it.
I beg the candid and dispassionate attention of my countrymen while I state these objections
— they are such as have obtruded themselves upon my mind upon a careful attention to the
matter, and such as I sincerely believe are well founded.
There are many objections, of small moment, of which I shall take no notice — perfection
is not to be expected in any thing that is the production of man — and if I did not
in my conscience believe that this scheme was defective in the fundamental principles
— in the foundation upon which a free and equal government must rest — I would hold
my peace.
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- Eyes up real quick for me, please.
I wanna make sure you get this.
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