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Today we will be talking about Common Access Resources, specifically focusing on the destruction
of public beaches in Singapore due to marine litter and oil spills
Common Access resources can be defined as goods and service which are free and open
for everyone to use.
They are non-excludable but rivalrous, which means even though no one is prevented from
using the good or service, the usage of it by one individual can deplete its utility
for the next.
Looking at Singapore, the beach is a common place for recreation as well as a natural
source of beauty.
There are various activities that go on on beaches day in and day out.
Singapore is also major maritime city, and there are almost always ship coming in carrying
cargo and other natural materials.
As seen from the diagram above, we have a negative externality of consumption.
In the case of the beaches we can identify two specific types of consumption.
Firstly, recreation, the use of beaches by the public.
Some of them might be over used, as in over crowded on weekends and some people might
leave litter long the beach.
This will stop other people from enjoying the beach and might push them to stop coming.
The other form of negative consumption would be by shipping companies or even by the government
which would transform some of the beaches into doc- yards o or cargo holds.
This diminishes the natural beauty which can an opportunity cost for the public.
Extensive transformation of beaches, hence use of the natural resource for an industrial
use may is a negative externality as it has now stopped a large majority of the public
from using it.
Another problem that may arise would be of the risk of oil spills by oil tankers.
This is not only harmful to the marine life, will in itself suffers a negative externality,
it will stop other people from once again coming to the beach and enjoying the water.
Nonetheless, it will also increase costs for the government as they know have to take measure
to clear up the spills.
All of these are possible causes of the shift as shown on the graph.
We have an intersection at Marginal Social Benefit and Marginal Social Cost(e) resulting
in our optimum cost and quantity, however, due to the over consumption and risks the
beaches face, there is a shift right resulting in the knew curve marginal private costs intersecting
know at e1.
This cause an increase in the quantity consumed of the beaches as well as the costs of the
consumption.
As shown, this creates a deadweight loss which is the loss the government will have to work
to reduce or remove by lowering consumption.
There are multiple solutions that could take place which may help reduce the impact the
over-consumption has had on the beaches.
Most of these initiatives will have to be taken by the government as beaches largely
a state owned property and can have rules imposed.
To begin with, there should be more awareness spread about the litter on beaches, campaign
started by the government or even by NGOs who want to bring the beaches back into their
original state.
There can also be camera installed at beaches to monitor times when the most littering happen
and at what areas, volunteers or even patrol officers can be stationed at these times to
correct or warn people who are caught littering.
Next, the government can install a quota on how much land can be converted into shipyards
and docks and try to maintain a specific amount of land for simple beaches and preserve natural
beauty, this helps get rid of the opportunity cost.
Additionally, stricter laws can be legislated on oil transport companies on how to manage
the oil and prevent spills, this could further reduce the deadweight loss as shown on the
graph, above, the triangle becomes significantly smaller.
The new graph shows the partially correct negative externality, which with a new MPB
curve moving to the right towards ths the MSB curve.
Hence, a new equilibrium begin made on e2 and hence, we see that there is a lower quantity
used (q1-q2) as well as the cost of the externality lowers (c1-c2)
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