Waching daily May 2 2018

When did the 2nd amendment stop being about a "well regulated militia" and start being

about individual gun ownership?

And did you know that the answer has to do with the KKK, German socialists, and Al Capone?

As one of the most hotly contested (and vaguely worded) sentences in history, the full text

of the 2nd amendment says: "A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of

a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed."

So this intellectual crossword puzzle was added to the Bill of Rights by James Madison

and his crew of anti-federalists.

When they were ratified in 1791, the anti-federalists expressed nervousness about the newly formed

federal government gaining too much power over the states or becoming tyrannical.

So the language of the 2nd amendment was geared towards curbing the central government's

power over individual political dissenters.

But today, the 2nd amendment and gun control debate is framed almost exclusively around

"the right to bear arms" without talking too much discussion of a well regulated militias.

And there's a reason for that.

Because even though the story of gun rights and gun legislation is often debated in the

court of public opinion, when it comes to questions of Constitutional interpretation,

there's really only one court that reigns supreme… and that's, well the Supreme Court.

So for this episode I'm going to trace the 5 major rulings made by the Supreme Court

on the 2nd amendment, since its ratification, in 1791, and yes, the story does involve the

Case 1: United States vs. Cruikshank

Well it took a while before the highest court in the land heard a case on the 2nd amendment

(1876 to be precise) and that first case actually involved the KKK and states' rights in the

wake of the Civil War.

After the conclusion of the Civil War, the newly reunited nation was in the midst of

Reconstruction when they passed the 1870 Enforcement Act, which was designed to prevent mobs run

by private citizens and groups like the KKK from blocking newly freed black citizens'

access to Constitutional rights - which seems like a good law.

But in 1873 a mob of white residents who were sometimes collaborators of the KKK and would

later go on to form a terrorist group called "The White League" in 1874, murdered an

estimated 100 African Americans who had occupied the Colfax Louisiana State House.

Three of the members of the mob were convicted of violating the 1870 Enforcement Act, under

the charge that they had prevented black citizens from assembling peacefully, exercising their

right to vote, and that they had curtailed the black citizens' 2nd amendment rights

to bear arms.

However the court ruled that the 2nd amendment was only designed to stop the federal government

from "infringing" on citizens' rights to own arms as a safeguard against potential

"tyranny."

Therefore state governments and other private citizens couldn't be charged with taking

someone else's right to bear arms away.

But the question of the "militia" and what defines a "well regulated militia"

actually lasted through the next two supreme court rulings on the 2nd amendment

and that brings us to case 2, Presser vs. Illinois.

Herman Presser was part of an armed citizen militia of workers in Cook County, Illinois,

that had ties to the Socialist Labor Party.

And he led a group of several hundred armed citizens through the streets in protest in

1879 and was found guilty of violating Illinois' state laws about who could organize a militia.

Essentially the law stated that unless you were a member of an already recognized volunteer

militia of the state of Illinois, the federal government, or had special recognition from the

governor, then you could not organize an independent militia.

And Presser disagreed, stating that the 2nd amendment protected his group's right to

organize a militia to protect themselves from tyranny.

But the Supreme Court disagreed, saying that while the federal government could not limit

"well regulated militias" the state government could.

So armed militias were allowed but only if the state agreed to it.

But that wasn't the last we'd heard of the 2nd amendment because the dawn of the

20th century brought us even more debate about how and why someone would organize a militia

and what kinds of weapons were necessary in these efforts.

And the surprising culprit behind this new twist was none other than Al Capone and the

mysterious Valentine's Day Massacre of 1929.

Case 3: United States v. Miller.

Ok so we're back in Illinois (specifically Chicago) on February 14th, 1929, when 7 criminal

associates of mobster George "Bugs" Moran were gunned down in a garage.

And although most people suspected the infamous Al Capone was behind the hit job, no one was

ever brought to trial for the murders, which have now become something of American historical

folklore mixed in with a heavy amount of conspiracy theory.

But the Valentine's Day Massacre, and similar crimes like it, began to shift the cultural

conversations around gun ownership more towards what kind of guns it was reasonable for a

private citizen who is unaffiliated with any type of law enforcement or military to carry.

But the militia debate was still a big part.

In 1934, the federal government passed the National Firearms Act, which imposed taxes

and restrictions (including new registration laws) on certain kinds of guns like machine

guns and sawed off shotguns.

And the ambition here was not only to impose new taxes, but also to limit the use and spread

of guns that were frequently used in the commission of gang crimes, like the St. Valentine's

Day Massacre.

So back to the Supreme Court, a man named Jack Miller and another man were found guilty,

under that current version of the National Firearms Act, of carrying an unregistered

sawed off shotgun across state lines, which was one of the restricted weapons.

And when his case (United States v. Miller) reached the Supreme Court in 1939, the court

stuck by the legality of the National Firearms Act, noting that, "...[i]n the absence of

any evidence tending to show that possession or use of a [sawed-off] shotgun . . . has

some reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia,

we cannot say that the Second Amendment guarantees the right to keep and bear such an instrument."

Thus reinforcing the federal government's ability to regulate particular types of guns.

Ok so 3 out of the 5 Supreme Court rulings on the question of the 2nd amendment focused

on states' rights versus federal rights, and the organization of militias.

But when did we start to see the current interpretation of the law as just "the right to bear arms?"

And how did the shift from a "well regulated militia" to arguments about individual self

defense occur?

Well the National Firearms Act proved to be pretty contentious.

It required that people transferring as well as those who were already in possession of

restricted firearms had to pay taxes on the gun and also report those weapons to the government.

As a result, the Treasury Department could give information to State governments about

people who registered their restricted or banned weapons and those people could be prosecuted

under State laws.

So in the 1968 Haynes case, the Supreme Court found that this regulation violated gun owners'

protection from self-incrimination under the 5th amendment and as a result the 1934 act

became "virtually unenforceable."

We also have to add then NRA into this story.

Because in 1977, the National Rifle Association experienced a huge shift in their political agenda.

Prior to the 1977 convention (known as the "Revolt at Cincinnati") the NRA's agenda

in the mid 20th century focused heavily on hunting, conservation, and marksmanship.

But the new contingent that took over that year's convention was invested in transforming

the agenda to center squarely on individual gun ownership and a narrower interpretation

of the 2nd amendment.

From this point forward the group gains traction as a gun's rights lobby organization, and

moves from a relatively bipartisan hobbyist group to a political powerhouse that makes

individual interpretation of the 2nd amendment as key part of its agenda.

So we're just up to our final 2 Supreme Court rulings on the 2nd amendment from 2008

and 2010, and these ones absolutely 100% have to do with an individual's right to gun ownership.

But they're less way back history and more current headlines, and both of these decisions

mark a pretty big shift from the Court's previous rulings on the matter.

The 2008 ruling, in District of Columbia v. Heller, found that restrictive gun regulations

in the District of Columbia were an infringement on an individual citizen's rights to bear

arms for the purposes of lawful self defense, even outside of any well regulated militia.

And a similar decision in 2010's McDonald v. Chicago found that 2nd Amendment rights

could not or should not be limited by state governments (since Chicago had enacted gun

regulations that prevented many if not most private citizens from purchasing handguns).

These two recent decisions focused heavily on the individual "right to bear arms"

and less on the "well regulated militia."

So how does it all add up?

Well, even though Heller in 2008 and McDonald in 2010 represent the current status of rulings

on the 2nd amendment, the fact that they center individual gun ownership for the purposes

of self-defense and not the regulation of militias could stem from a couple of different

avenues.

The first is that after the Civil War, the National Guard took up the mantle of state

protection, making militias less central to interpretations of the 2nd amendment.

The second is that around the 1920s and 1930s, we started to see an increase in discussion

not only of what makes a well regulated militia, but also what kinds of guns should or shouldn't

be protected under the second amendment.

But these rulings all focused on stopping the federal government from limiting the second

amendment and heavily favored the states...

However, although Heller did determine that the right to lawful individual gun ownership

was protected under this current interpretation of the 2nd amendment, the late Justice Antonin

Scalia did note that the right to self-defense and individual gun ownership under the 2nd

amendment "is not unlimited."

So, whichever side you believe is correct, it looks like this debate will continue to rage on.

So what what do you think?

Anything to add to our timeline on interpretations of the 2nd amendment and the "well regulated militia"?

Drop them below with all of your citations on local history, the Brady Bill, and variations

in state laws and we'll see you next week!

I had fun last week hanging out with Vanessa from Braincraft but before we get to that,

I wanted to let you know about the new PBS Digital Studios series "America From Scratch"

It asks big questions about how we would re-make America if we started over today.

They ask fun questions like, Should 12-year-olds be allowed to vote?

What if there were no states?

Do we even need a president?

There's a link in the description so you can check it out.

Okay, on to whether or not breakfast is the most important meal of the day!

Tony Vasile on Youtube said he enjoyed the crossover!

Speaking for team Danessa (which is what I've renamed us) I say thanks Tony!

We enjoyed collaborating on this one!

Julie Wylie on Facebook enjoyed the food puns, which makes me feel quite proud since she's

a dietitian.

Mission accomplished and thanks for writing Julie!

And "The Pwnzerwilldie" on Youtube (a viewer with a sharp mind and a bit of a morbid

username) asked if we could do an episode on how and when drinking coffee in the morning

became normalized and what the effects of caffeine are on our bodies.

That's another good area for a collaboration so if there are any nutritionists or folks

on Youtube good with biology and anatomy (hint hint, Joe Hanson) then hit us up!

We'd love to answer more crossover questions!

So keep those comments coming and we'll see you next week!

For more infomation >> The 2nd Amendment Explained - Duration: 10:55.

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Piedras en los riñones: por qué se forman y cómo prevenirlas | Dr. Juan - Duration: 3:18.

For more infomation >> Piedras en los riñones: por qué se forman y cómo prevenirlas | Dr. Juan - Duration: 3:18.

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Elif Episode 723 - Opening Scene (English subtitles) - Duration: 3:37.

Alright, Rana, calm down. She'll just ring the bell then leave.

Calm down.

Look, she's still ringing the door. She's insisting, clearly she won't leave.

Please, think of something, Tarik. If she sees us at this time of the day, we're done.

If you don't open the door, she won't find out anything.

She can't wait there all night, right?

Fine, but she already guessed I'm home.

All the lights are on around home.

Won't she become suspicious?

Why would she? Couldn't you have left home with lights turned on?

I don't know, you could've left it on purpose, for burglars.

You're probably right, that's an option.

And what if...

she walks around the garden...

and wants to see the living room, here?

Don't be ridiculous, why would she do that?

She'll probably leave in a minute.

If she calls you, tell her you're with your friends.

Where is your phone? Put it in silent mode.

Where is it?

I- I don't know, around here somewhere, probably.

Lights are on around the place.

Probably she forgot and left.

She would have opened the door, if she was home.

Ugh, where is this woman?

Wonder if she's at Cem's place.

Should I call her?

Where did I put this god damn phone?

How would I know, Rana?

Think, where was it?

It was in my hand, before you came here.

- Then... I put the flowers in the vase. - Did you check there?

I did, it wasn't there.

What if Hümeyra calls?

It was at the entree!

What? It's ringing in there.

Am I mistaken?

She's home then.

Oh, God.

Hope she's alright.

- What's gonna happen? We're screwed! I have to open the door. - No, never!

She knows I'm home now. I gotta open the door.

Fine. Go, do it.

You tell her "we were waiting with your husband". And I'll make three coffees, we'll have them together.

- You're being ridiculous now. (outside) - Rana?

(outside) Rana, are you alright?

You see? Now she knows. Lights are on.

She'll come around to the garden now.

You have to hide, Tarik.

- How, where could I hide? - I don't know, find some place. To my room!

No, the bathroom. Come with me.

Don't leave there until I tell you.

For more infomation >> Elif Episode 723 - Opening Scene (English subtitles) - Duration: 3:37.

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Une fable intersexe | The intersex future - Duration: 4:41.

For more infomation >> Une fable intersexe | The intersex future - Duration: 4:41.

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🌟Vezbe za podizanje zadnjice I FITT.RS 🌟 - Duration: 15:43.

For more infomation >> 🌟Vezbe za podizanje zadnjice I FITT.RS 🌟 - Duration: 15:43.

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Good Lower Abs Workout - Shape It Up (Nicole Simonin) - Duration: 3:58.

[Nicole Simonin] Today on Shape It Up we're going to be talking about a good "lower" ab workout.

Now, I have to be honest with you there are no lower abs. There's no upper abs

and there's no lower abs. There is a video that you can check out to watch

and learn how your abs are but there are no upper or lower abs so when you're

thinking about targeting those lower abs you're really targeting the lower fibers

of the abdominals so it's not like it's a separate muscle but today I've got

three exercises for you that you will feel it in the lower part of your abdominals.

(Music)

Three exercises that are going to make you feel like you're

targeting the lower part of your abs but we know there's no difference between

your upper and lower abs...Right? Okay so the first one we're gonna do is

called Heels to Heaven. You're going to lay back on your back and you're gonna

bring your legs straight up and what I want you to try to do is to push your

feet up towards the ceiling. Imagine there's a circle that your feet have to

go through in order to get up into that circle. It is a very small movement and

you will feel it really low in the abdominal part of your stomach. So you

can use your hands to push down. Basically, I'm just tipping my hips and

trying to bring my feet straight up. One of the things you do not want to do is

this ....That is a totally different exercise.

You want to just lower and lift. Now, if you need a modification you can do a

pelvic tilt [click video in upper right hand corner]

where you're pulling your abs up into your stomach.

Next exercise is leg lowers.

You're going to place your hands underneath your hips to give your back a

little bit of support. You're going to raise your feet up and you're gonna

slowly lower those legs down to the floor and then bring them back up.

Now the key here is that you do not want your lower back to arch off the ground.

If I lower and all of a sudden my back comes off the ground you are going

to hurt your back. Make sure that back stays plastered to the floor.

You're gonna lower your heels and say your back starts to arch

right there you want to stop just a little bit before that and then bring

them back up. The other key is you want to make sure those legs are nice

and straight as you're lowering.Of course, breathe.

Alright if you need a modification you can do a couple of

different things you can bend your knees

and just slowly lower your heels to the floor or you can do single legs so you

can drop one leg down and then the other leg down and then just build up until

you're ready to do the straight leg version.

The next exercise to feel it in

your lower abdominal area is a knee in and we're gonna hold at the bottom.

For your knee in, what you're gonna do is you're gonna bring your knees in and

you're gonna extend out and just hold

and then come back up.

Hold count for like five seconds or ten seconds (depending on your strength)

Then come back up.

All three of those exercises

will definitely fire up the feeling in your lower abdominals.

if you have any questions go ahead and leave it in the comment section below and I'll be happy to answer them.

I hope you enjoyed those three a good lower ab workout

exercises that you can do at home. Remember to start off slow.

Build up as you build tolerance to the exercises and

remember to always check with your physician before starting any exercise program.

If you like this video go ahead and give it a thumbs up!

If you know someone that would also benefit from

watching this video please share it with your friends.

You can also comment in the section below

and I'll be happy to answer any questions that you may have

Remember to Get Fit. Be Fierce and Have No Limits!

For more infomation >> Good Lower Abs Workout - Shape It Up (Nicole Simonin) - Duration: 3:58.

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Get The 411 On Sichuan Dry Pot || Eat Seeker - Duration: 5:04.

- [Amelie] Originally we wanted to bring

dry pot here and kind of let the world know

Chinese cuisine is not just Sichuan, not just

kung pao chicken. Look at this one thing:

It's one dish, but it's so great,

and you don't know about it yet.

But it turns out we are also introducing

this to Chinese as well. That was really satisfying to see.

Dry pot is considered a new invention in China.

It became popular in the '90s and was originated in

a small city next to Chengdu.

Being a relatively new dish, if you ask our parents,

not everybody knows about what dry pot is.

A lot of my generation do know about dry pot.

I was in Beijing, and it was everywhere.

So when I left for college, it was just kind of sad

to not be able to have it on a weekly basis.

I think the reason that dry pot was popularized

in certain cities, especially big cities,

is because it's kind of like the salad bars

here in New York. You can have all the ingredients

that you want. You can customize your own dry pot.

You can have three dry pots with 30 different ingredients.

You can share it with 10 people, 12 people.

In our particular dry pot, we have three different sauces.

The base sauce is a mixture of different spices,

so it's not hot by itself, but we do use chili oil

and chili flake and chili powder.

A lot of the spices are herbal remedies,

and we only do a small amount of certain spices,

because they're so pungent so it makes a big difference.

- We have more than 70 ingredients in our menu.

- [Amelie] You pick your own ingredients from

sliced beef, to lamb, to fish filets.

[Meng] Rooster's testicle, frog--

[Amelie] You can have your vegetables,

Chinese cabbage, and your soy product,

and everything is mixed together and wok-fried,

and it is served in a bamboo bowl.

There's so many different possibilities for dry pot.

- If a person has a first time come here

I would recommend one or two meat,

and some seafood. Maybe two vegetables --

just a mix of everything.

- [Amelie] Liangfen is mung bean noodles

and the literal translation from Chinese is

"sadness mung bean noodle." The story goes,

back then when people were eating this dish,

which is made with mung bean noodle

soaked in a mixture of hot sauce, chili oil,

a little bit of vinegar, salt, a little bit of sugar.

It's so good that people start crying.

The other version is that because it's so hot,

then people start crying.

The noodle itself is kinda like a jelly texture.

A very, very subtle green bean-y taste.

But, because it's a little bit slippery,

it takes up some of the sauce and you eat it like that.

So it's kind of refreshing, too.

We just played around with the name

and called it Happy Tears.

- So the thousand-year egg is a traditional way

to make the chicken egg. We mix them with

ash, salt, cook lime, for several weeks to several months,

depending on the process.

After several weeks, [the] egg will become a little

gray. Otherwise, it will become brown.

So it's very delicious.

- [Amelie] The sauce is like a vinegar-y,

soy sauce mixture. We use tiger peppers,

and we deep-fry the peppers. The pepper is

actually really, really hot. The egg kind of cuts

the hotness of the pepper, too.

- [Meng] It's a dish relates to our childhood.

- [Amelie] We wanted to do something

that we personally like. Focus on something more specific

rather than on a wider range of Sichuan dishes.

Because there is a lot of

Sichuan restaurants in New York City already,

and it's kind of difficult to stand out.

Dry pot itself, it can be anything that you want.

So it's very simple, but there's a lot of possibilities.

For more infomation >> Get The 411 On Sichuan Dry Pot || Eat Seeker - Duration: 5:04.

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দান করলে গরিব হয়ে যাবে || মতিউর রহমান মাদানী || Bangla Waz Short Video 2018 - Duration: 4:05.

For more infomation >> দান করলে গরিব হয়ে যাবে || মতিউর রহমান মাদানী || Bangla Waz Short Video 2018 - Duration: 4:05.

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5 Trucos Para Que Nadie Se Te Resista | Influencia | Persuasión - Duration: 4:12.

For more infomation >> 5 Trucos Para Que Nadie Se Te Resista | Influencia | Persuasión - Duration: 4:12.

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TOP 5 / Hits de TRAP no muy conocidos /MX - Duration: 4:03.

For more infomation >> TOP 5 / Hits de TRAP no muy conocidos /MX - Duration: 4:03.

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【１３KILLドン勝】未来は若者に託し私は行こう ぷああああああｗｗｗ【PUBG】 - Duration: 3:31.

For more infomation >> 【１３KILLドン勝】未来は若者に託し私は行こう ぷああああああｗｗｗ【PUBG】 - Duration: 3:31.

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What is Overtraining? (Is Overtraining Even Real?) - Duration: 6:21.

Let's talk about overtraining.

In clinical and practical research, the definition of overtraining is quite convoluted.

In fact, there is no literary consensus on the exact definition of overtraining.

Neither is there for its underlying causes and symptoms, with some experts debating whether

it even exists at all.

But research data shows overtraining at least does exist, especially in the realm of competitive

sports.

Data shows anywhere between seven to thirty one percent of athletes experience overtraining

on a yearly basis.

It is important, though, to distinguish overtraining to overreaching.

Unlike overtraining, overreaching is actually desired.

At the beginning of a training program, you'll experience a consistent performance and training

capacity improvement over time.

Eventually, performance capacity stagnates and then decrease, aka you start to functionally

overreach.

This is desired because once you begin taking recovery measures from overreaching, which

takes roughly 1 to 2 weeks to fully recover, your body not only reverses the performance

drop, but you actually end up improving well beyond past previous capacities.

This is known as supercompensation.

When you DO NOT rest and instead train through it, performance continues to wane.

Around 4 weeks of training past degradation, a few weeks of recovery is no longer enough

and supercompensation cease to exist.

This is the point where the literature agrees on defining the phase of overtraining.

Much of the literature also classifies overtraining as a syndrome, underlying the causes and symptoms

of overtraining are multifactorial in nature and is not solely just changes in training

and performance.

In terms of symptoms, along with impaired performance, an overtrained individual experience

a varying combinations of sleep disturbances, mood disturbances, fatigue, heavy sweating,

upper respiratory tract infections, and loss of appetite.

The commonality of these symptoms can make it tricky to actually diagnose overtraining.

I feel that this survey from the 2012 paper by Meeusen and colleagues provides a good

starting point in detecting overtraining for yourself since it touches on training duration,

factors commonly overlooked, and more.

Check it out in the link the in the description.

Again, causes vary as well.

Mental stress can be a cause, where athletes suffer disproportionately due to their chase

for perfection and competitive nature.

Poor workout programming, where the program far exceeds the individual's fitness level.

Lack of quality sleep, which will affect all daily functions, especially physical activity.

And poor nutrition, where low protein intake can hinder recovery, low carb intake fails

to replenish glycogen stores, and not enough water leads to dehydration.

Chronic calorie deficits are also problematic due to overall lack of nutrition and energy.

As far as the training itself, research suggest that training VOLUME is the bigger culprit

than training intensity.

In several studies comparing the two factors at training levels above norm, sickness and

lowered immune cell count were strongly correlated to increased volume loads.

Do note that intensity can still cause overtraining as well.

But the magnitude of effect of each cause on the propensity to overtrain seems to vary

from person to person.

Something like mental stress might contribute heavily to overtraining vulnerability in one

person, while another person suffers mightily when lacking sleep.

And finally, what about dealing with overtraining?

The best way to deal with overtraining is to… prevent it from happening at all.

Regular rest is critical.

In a joint consensus statement between the European College of Sport Science and the

American College of Sports Medicine, they recommend at least one rest day per week.

Personally, I think taking at least two would be more fitting, especially for beginners

that require more time adapting to soreness and the change in lifestyle.

Dealing with mental stress is imperative, and using self-assessment mood logs, mind-body

therapies and building a strong social support system can be extremely beneficial.

If you want more details on dealing with mental stress, feel free to check out my video on

this very topic.

Sleep is definitely a big one.

Best case scenario is to get 7 to 9 hours of quality sleep.

This will be a balancing act though, since one of the symptoms of overtraining and overreaching

is a dip in sleep quality.

Again, got some videos on that as well if you want to check it out.

And, of course, there is deloading, where you dial back your workout intensity, volume,

or both to allow sufficient recovery.

Again times two, come check out my video on deloading if you want more info.

In the case where you do have the unfortunate experience of becoming overtrained, then the

best treatment is rest and very light exercise.

Bear in mind that it can take months or even years before things get better, but the key

is to not make it any worse and then prevent it from happening again.

Ultimately, a holistic recovery approach is best and something to consider at all times

for not just overtraining, but your entire well-being.

Personally, I think overtraining isn't too big of a deal if you're just the typical

gym-goer wanting to build some muscle, lose fat, and get a bit stronger.

The research heavily relies on athletes to show overtraining prevalence, especially endurance

and track athletes spending huge portions of their days training with high volume.

That's not to say something like lifting weights is less taxing, but at the very least,

there's more time for you to recover when you're only lifting five to 8 hours a week

versus a competitive athlete's 5 to 8 hours a day.

As long as you're intuitive with your approach to training, then I'm willing to wager and

say that overtraining is almost… a non-factor.

Overreaching, on the other hand, is a whole 'notha story.

But that's a topic for whole 'notha day.

I want to thank the amazing people at sci-fit.net for providing the vast majority of the information

in this video.

Sci-fit.net is one of the few websites out there that I can confidently trust in delivering

accurate and non-bias fitness and nutrition information.

I highly suggest you check out their overtraining article if you want a more in-depth breakdown

than this video and they also make a great point for the need to change the name of overtraining

to something else.

I'll link straight to the article in the description box.

While you're on their website, go check out some of their other amazing articles as

well.

Let me know your thoughts on overtraining in the comments.

Share and like the video if you enjoyed it.

Hit that notification bell for future PictureFit goodies, and as always, thank you for watching

and get your protein… and recovery.

For more infomation >> What is Overtraining? (Is Overtraining Even Real?) - Duration: 6:21.

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Dreezy, 2Chainz - 2nd To None - Duration: 4:34.

For more infomation >> Dreezy, 2Chainz - 2nd To None - Duration: 4:34.

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The Star at the End of Time | Space Time - Duration: 11:04.

If our descendants or any conscious being is around to witness the very distant future

of our galaxy, what will they see?

How long will life persist as the stars begin to die?

For the sake of argument, let's say that humanity survives the several ends of the

world that await us.

We somehow persist through the gradual heating of our Sun and the evaporation of our oceans.

Our descendants cling to existence through the countless generations as we watch the Andromeda

galaxy merge with the Milky Way, forming a vast elliptical galaxy.

We seek refuge in the outer solar system as the Sun finally expands into a red giant – twice!

And finally our heirs or successors find new homes among the stars after the Sun's final

death and transformation into a dim white dwarf.

We covered all of these catastrophes in past episodes.

But what's next?

How long can life survive into the far future?

An absolute requirement for the continued existence of life is energy – or more accurately

a persistent energy gradient, as we've also discussed recently.

For life to stave off rising entropy and decay, energy must flow.

And the deepest wells of accessible energy in the universe are stars.

When the last star blinks out, life must soon follow.

To know the future of life we must understand the lifecycles of the longest-lived stars

in the universe.

That would be the red dwarf.

And don't be scornful of this little star – they have a very VERY bright futures, and

may even spawn a renaissance of life, trillions of years from now.

But let's talk stellar astrophysics.

Stars generate energy fusing hydrogen into helium in their cores.

The Sun burns through 600 billion kilograms of hydrogen every second, generating 4x10^26

Watts or around the energy equivalent of 20 million times Earth's entire nuclear arsenal

every second.

This rate will only increase as the core's temperature increases, and the Sun will burn

through the hydrogen supply in its core in 5 billion years.

Because the rate of fusion depends very sensitively on temperature, more massive stars, with their

hotter cores, burn through their fuel much MUCH more quickly.

The most massive stars live only a few million years.

And the relationship goes both ways.

Stars less massive than the Sun burn through their fuel much more slowly.

This is all astro-101, so let's get a little crunchy and figure out the lifespan of red

dwarf stars also known as M-dwarfs.

We observe that a red dwarf with 10% of the Sun's mass is about 1000 times fainter than

the Sun.

That means it's burning through its fuel 1000 times less quickly.

But it also has less fuel to burn, right?

Actually, wrong.

Stars like our Sun can only burn the hydrogen in their cores.

The layer above the Sun's core is what we call radiative – all of the energy travels

in the form of photons bouncing their way upwards.

Closer to the surface, the Sun becomes convective – energy is transported in giant convection

flows, rising to the surface and sinking again.

That radiation zone isolates the Sun's core, preventing new material from reaching those

depths.

As a result, the Sun will only have access to 10% of its mass for fusion fuel.

But red dwarfs are entirely convective.

Rivers of plasma flow from the core to the surface, carrying both energy AND the helium

produced in the fusion reactions.

That helium gets mixed through the star, while new hydrogen is brought to the core for fusion.

Over the course of its long live a red dwarf will convert all of its hydrogen to helium.

A red dwarf with 10% the sun's mass has just as much fuel to burn as the sun does,

yet it burns it 1000 times slower.

That means it should live 1000 times longer – so 10 trillion years instead of the sun's

10 billion years.

That 10 trillion years assumes our red dwarf keeps burning at the same old rate.

It doesn't.

Just like the Sun, the cores of red dwarf stars shrink and heat up over time.

The heating core causes red dwarf fusion rates to increase by a factor of 10 or more, particularly

towards the ends of their lives.

That shortens their lifespans, but we're still talking trillions of years.

An interesting thing about red dwarfs is that they don't expand as they brighten, unlike

more massive stars.

If you increase the energy output but keep the size of the star the same then you necessarily

increase the surface temperature of the star.

This is because the light produced by stars comes from the heat-glow of their surfaces.

This is thermal or blackbody radiation, and it obeys a couple of very strict laws.

First, the hotter something is, the more thermal photons it produces.

So increasing the surface temperature allows a red dwarf to shed all of those excess photons

produced by its rising fusion rate.

And rule two: the hotter something is the more energetic its individual thermal photons.

The blackbody spectrum of a hot object emits relatively more photons at short, energetic

wavelengths than a cooler object.

For most of its life, the spectrum of a red dwarf peaks at infrared wavelengths.

To us they appear red because they're producing more red light than yellow, blue, green, etc.

But as these stars heat up their spectrum shifts.

First they shine white as their blackbody spectrum spans the visible range, just like

our Sun.

In the final few billion years of their lives, some red dwarfs may even become hotter than

our Sun, developing a faint blue tinge.

Finally, with the last hydrogen fuel spent, the entire star will be composed of helium

and will quietly contract into a helium white dwarf, supported by quantum-mechanical electron

degeneracy pressure.

It will slowly radiate away its internal heat for another several billion years before turning

black.

So what does this all mean for the future of our galaxy, and for any life that exists then?

Well long before the first red dwarfs approach the ends of their lives there will be no other

living stars left in the galaxy.

Many new Sun-like stars will be born in the Milky Way-Andromeda collision, 4 billion years

from now.

They will all have expired, leaving white dwarfs, and those white dwarfs will have faded

long before the first red dwarf passes away.

At that point the night sky will be dark, and only a powerful telescope could reveal

the trillion faint, red dots scattered across the sky.

As these brighten, one by one, the most massive will shine brighter than the current Sun.

Individual points of white light will appear in the night sky, shining for up to a few

billion years before winking out.

That dark future is inevitable, but for several trillion years red dwarfs will be the last

warm places in the universe.

That's an awfully long time at many times the current edge of the universe.

Red dwarfs will surely be the places our own star-faring descendants will wait out eternity.

But what about new life?

We know that red dwarfs DO have planetary systems – just look at Trappist-1, with

its 7 terrestrial worlds, two of which are at the right distance from the star to have

liquid water.

We don't know yet whether life can evolve around red dwarf stars – they're violently

active when they're young, but perhaps ancient red dwarfs will have the stability needed

for new life to take hold.

This may be especially true right near the end.

Red dwarfs in the middle range of mass - around 15% of the Sun's mass - are predicted to

enter a period of relative constant brightness right at the ends of their lives.

This period could last for up to 5 billion years, during which the star will shine almost

as bright as the Sun, and quite a bit hotter.

Those stars will have long-frozen worlds in the outer parts of their solar systems.

Those planets will thaw as their star brightens, and may enjoy billions of years of stable

warmth.

So could life begin from scratch in a trillion years right as the red dwarfs begin to die?

It's very possible that most of the life in the universe is yet to evolve.

Perhaps the descendants of humanity – or of some other pre-merger species from the

old Milky Way – will be there to witness this.

One last, long renaissance of life, as we huddle in the warmth of the last stars to

burn in the darkening end of spacetime.

Last week we talked about a swarm of black holes recently discovered in the core of milky

way, but before we jump into comments, I just wanted to let you know about the new PBS Digital

Studios Show, Hot Mess.

Hot Mess is a deep dive into the real science of climate change along with the implications

for the future and the technology we'll need to fix it.

We'll put in a link in the description so you can join the conversation after we finish

talking about Black Hole Swarms.

Joshua Hillerup asks whether dynamical friction leads to less dark matter near the centre

of galaxies, since it's not very dense.

Good insight Joshua.

Yeah, dark matter is expected to be more evenly spread through the galaxy than things like

stars and black holes.

And that's what we see - dark matter exists in a puffy sphere some 200,000 light years

in radius, compared to the 100,000 light years of the milky way's stellar disk and the much

smaller and denser stellar core.

0xFFF1 asks how we'd be able to tell that the super-massive black hole in our galaxy's

center isn't itself a dense swarm of smaller black holes in a shared orbit, amounting to

the same total mass.

Well the answer there is that we can constrain the size of the Milky Way's central black

hole - Sagittarius A* - because we can see stars in orbit around it.

They get way too close to allow anything but a single black hole to exist in that tiny space.

There certainly couldn't be the millions of stellar-mass black holes.

Also, the event horizon telescope has now detected radio emission from pretty close

to the event horizon of Sag A*, which confirms it as a single black hole.

Lucas James noticed that during minute seven of the black hole swarms episode, the plot

only shows twelve blue dots, not the thirteen that I claimed.

Yeah, I noticed that too but decided to gloss over it, hoping on one else would notice.

Who am I kidding?

Of course you lot are going to pause the video and count dots.

I mean, hell, I did.

Peer review by YouTube.

Anyway, as Gareth Dean points out, two of the dots were almost on top of each other,

so we're all good.

But thanks for keeping us honest, and we'll see you next week.

For more infomation >> The Star at the End of Time | Space Time - Duration: 11:04.

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Diese YouTuberinnen attackieren Dagi Bee! - Duration: 2:32.

For more infomation >> Diese YouTuberinnen attackieren Dagi Bee! - Duration: 2:32.

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سديم | الحلقة 60 | المشتركون مستمرّون بتصوير التحدّي والضغوطات تتزايد! - Duration: 12:41.

For more infomation >> سديم | الحلقة 60 | المشتركون مستمرّون بتصوير التحدّي والضغوطات تتزايد! - Duration: 12:41.

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Halsey ‒ Now Or Never (R3HAB Remix) - Duration: 3:06.

Halsey ‒ Now Or Never (R3hab Remix)

For more infomation >> Halsey ‒ Now Or Never (R3HAB Remix) - Duration: 3:06.

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RUSSIANS REACT TO MEXICAN MUSIC | Angela Aguilar - La Llorona | REACTION - Duration: 7:08.

Remember when we reacted to Pepe Aguilar?

Sounds familiar

In that video he was touring around the country

Then he came to his hotel room and his woman appeared at the door

So this is his daughter

And there's also Antonio Aguilar, that's his father

Now we're gonna listen to his daughter

He's a good looking man

Angela Aguilar - La Llorona

I think it means "crying woman"

Google translates really bad

I think she's 10-12 years old

This is a new video, it came out only 1 month ago

And it already has almost 10 million views

She looks older than 10 years old

Maybe 12... or I am wrong

The music is beautiful

When the whole family are artists, you start singing early

Traditional clothing

It looks like a church

Yes, looks like a temple

Lots of candles

Maybe it's on the street

Maybe it's grim reaper?

In such a beautiful outfit?

She's wearing heels

No, she looks 15-16 years old

She's following someone

"Show me your face please"

Great voice

She's following that strange person

It is definitely related to the day of the dead

She even has that makeup

She has a great voice

The song is called "crying girl" I guess

The day of the dead?

Maybe she's crying about someone?

But that holiday isn't a sad one, according to the cartoon that we watched (Coco)

We should make a video review to that film

And watch "Selena" too

The people are dancing

Very nice outfit

See, it's definitely the day of the dead

I think she lost someone and now she's crying

If I come to Mexico in October, I will see that holiday -When is that holiday?

I think it's at the end of October and beginning of November

I will see all those masks too

I think it will be a shock therapy for you

Culture shock

Yes, we don't have it

Well, everybody's having fun

Who is that woman? -Is she gonna reveal her face?

Maybe someone's soul came into this world? Someone who she loved

That soul came to the living world

Interesting sound effect

That's a special effect -Yes, it is

There's a casket -Maybe that's her?

Yes, that's her

I didn't understand

I hope it's not her in that casket

No, I think they're just celebrating the day of the dead

Yeah, but why is it called "crying girl"? -She's upset

The song is kinda gloomy

I thought she was 10 years old

Because I saw her other video where she was little

And now she's grown. I forgot that this video is recent

She has a really good voice though

And she's very artistic

She has a big future is ahead of her

She already has almost 10 million views on this new video

In just a month

Good job

She has great mentors

Her father, her grandfather. They help her and support her

And she got their vocal abilities too

The day of the dead looks beautiful

I want to experience that too

I think people walk around the city at night

Let us know in the comments what she was singing about

Because we can't fully understand what happened in this video

That mysterious woman turned out to be her at the end

But we didn't understand the meaning

But the girl sings very well, I liked it

We couldn't even translate the title of the song

Maybe it means something totally different

Crying or sad girl

Alright guys, let us know what you think

Like and subscribe, and follow us on Instagram and Facebook

For more infomation >> RUSSIANS REACT TO MEXICAN MUSIC | Angela Aguilar - La Llorona | REACTION - Duration: 7:08.

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Will Bathing in Champagne Get You Drunk? - Duration: 4:16.

- Alright, let's see.

What! Shut the (beep) up!

(funky music)

- Hey, I'm Zack, and today I am taking a bath in champagne

to see if I can get drunk through my skin.

Why champagne?

Because champagne is the highest proof alcohol

that Buzzfeed's legal team would allow us to do.

Also, I like bubbles.

There's not a lot of research

on whether or not you can absorb alcohol through your skin,

so we're going to do this for you, for science.

I've got some friends here to help,

put champagne on me.

Keith, we got Shane, looks like Annie's here,

this is my best friend Ben from New York.

Ben is a doctor and has informed me

that I should be concerned about a UTI,

because, uh, alcohol has sugars,

and sugars in your pee-pee hole is a bad time.

So I'm wearing a condom, and I've rapped it

with rubber bands, this is a very confusing day.

Don't zoom in, don't do that.

But first, to prove that I am not yet drunk,

I am going to take a Breathalyzer.

I didn't have enough breath.

Well, it's zeroes, let's just trust that, huh?

Let's do it!

I mean, let's take our clothes off.

I am, potentially, a little worried.

I'm mostly just worried that it's going to stain.

But, you know, it's Friday, so let's party.

Who wants to pour stuff on me?

(funky music)

- [Woman's Voice] Don't drink any, it's not scientific!

- Sorry, I spit it out.

I'm not drunk yet, but this is definitely

a weird fever dream.

(laughs)

- I don't know, I feel great.

- [Man's Voice] Yeah?

- I feel very relaxed.

- [Man's Voice] Should we Breathalyze him now?

- [Woman's Voice] Yeah, let's do a Breathalyzer.

- Alright, let's see.

What! Shut the (beep) up!

- [Man's Voice] It says .063.

- It says "danger".

(laughing)

- [Man's Voice] However, there's a lot of fumes in the air.

- There's a lot of fumes, it's like, beeping "danger".

- [Man's Voice] Maybe you're butt-chugging on accident.

- [Man In Green] One. It's in the caution level,

and there's a frowny face blinking.

- [Zack] It's really hard right now to know if this is

a placebo or real, but I definitely feel, I feel loopy.

- [Man In Green] Yeah?

- Uh-huh.

- We basically, right now we're trying to see,

is the Breathalyzer picking up on me

or is it just picking up on this.

So Keith is joining me, he's a good bud.

- I'm going to let the fumes get into my mouth.

- Alright, take a Breathalyzer.

- [Zack] My testicles, uh, feel tingly.

- .39?

Not 039, either?

.39?

I'm dead!

I'm dead at this point.

Through our experimentation, we found that anyone

who Breathalyzes right here, it will read way too high.

So we're going to take Zack, get him out of this tub,

douse him with water,

so he doesn't have any fumes on his own body,

and Breathalyze him.

And that should tell us, definitively,

if he's drunk or not.

- Oh it's so cold!

- [Keith] Stop jumping away from it!

- Well, stop making it bad!.

- [Keith] Pretend it's a shampoo commercial.

- I'm your venus.

- [Keith] That's a shaving commercial.

- I'm your fire.

I'm really hoping that I'm at least a little something.

- .02

- (beep) yeah! We did it, America.

- It does seem like his body did absorb some alcohol.

- So, what did we learn here today?

Very exciting, this is a definitive piece

of scientific literature from this point forward.

So my takeaways here are:

if you have $300 and a lot of friends,

then you too can barely get tipsy in a bathtub.

- Yeah, I guess this is not a very

economical way to get drunk.

(funky music)

(yelling)