Greetings, friends!
today I have to confess something else
I was wrong!
ah jeez...!
I said elsewhere
than in Classical Latin
that there are 7 vowel qualities
but recently I read a paper
written by Dr. Andrea Calabrese
in which this linguist/philologist
very clearly lays out the fact that
Classical Latin has
only 5 vowel qualities
here are the vowels of Classical Latin
in that previous video
regarding Latin vowels
I stated that there are 7 vowel qualities
because according to the Roman grammarians
of the 5th century AD
that's how it was
in the language at that time
and it's also that way
in modern Italian
here is are the vowels
of the 7-quality system
and of course from Greek
in all Roman periods
we have
but this beautiful vowel
is not, shall we say, native
according to the author of the article
Andrea Calabrese
it's impossible
for that system
which is rather often invoked
this is the system proposed by Sydney Allen
who also wrote the book
called VOX LATINA
here is the lovely book
and very important for those of us who
want to speak Latin according to the ancient standard
nevertheless there are errors in that book
for example
Allen says that
/ɪ/and /ʊ/ are Latin vowels
in the Classical language
but this is totally false
/ɪ/and /ʊ/ do not exist in Classical Latin
only in
the mouths of
Anglophones and Germans
and why are they impossible?
because the most conservative
of the Romance languages
that exist today
that best conserve
the ancient language are
the Sardinian language
which in Sardinia
can still be heard today
and Southern Lucanian
which can be found in Basilicata/Lucania
in Italy
in these languages
the short 'ĭ' of Latin has become [i]
and short 'ŭ' [u]
and these regions were colonized by the Romans
in the very same Classical Period
in the time of Classical Latin
and in the Sardinian language
and in the Lucanian language
there are only 5 phonological vowel qualities
and letter 'e' and 'o' are pronounced open
naturally in other languages
also born from Vulgar Latin
for example in Portuguese
Romanian, Italian,
French...
short 'ĭ' became [e]
and short 'ŭ' became [o]
this mutation
wasn't going on
in Rome the city
in the time of Cicero
but Cicero himself
heard his friend
saying this rustic sound
this is from Cicero's
De Oratore 3.46
For this reason, it seems to me, Sulpicius
that this friend of ours, Cotta,
whose broad sounds you sometimes imitate
when you drop the letter 'i' and
pronounce a super-obvious 'e' instead,
imitating farmhands
rather than the orators of the past
so Cicero hear's his friend Cotta
changing /i/ into /e/
this means
the mutation has occurred which
we find in the Romance languages
being ĭ -> /e/
in the book VOX LATINA
Sidney Allen writes, thinking
"given this change from 'i' to 'e'
"there needs to be
"and intermediate state"
he proposes [ɪ]
but there is no evidence for this
for this exact sound
on the contrary, Cicero says
"hey, you talk like a redneck!"
the rustic speech
will become the Romance languages
"hah, you talk like a hick; instead of 'i' you say 'e' "
the sound change is complete
there is zero need for an intermediate stage
likewise
ŭ -> [o] has occurred
an intermediate step is unnecessary
this rustic speech, however
in the 1st century AD
is heard more often
because in Pompeian inscriptions
we see
and many others
what does this mean?
this means that the rustic speech
or uneducated speech
already has this mutation
ŭ -> /o/
ĭ -> /e/
/ʊ/ and /ɪ/ are unnecessary
so what is our goal?
we want to speak in Latin
obviously you are watching me speak Latin
and maybe even without the subtitles
you can understand me; great!
there are those who
use the Ecclesiastical Pronunciation
lovely! they're speaking Latin, so I'm happy
while others
want to use
Classical/Restored Pronunciation
I am among them
let's say we want to speak like ancient Romans
now we know there exist
three fairly distinct
systems
which we might use
elsewhere
proposed
the 5th century AD pronunciation system for vowels
in this system there are 7 vowel qualities
just as in modern Italian
not surprisingly this is the latest Roman system
which became the modern Italian pronunciation
if we want to talk like Cicero, like Caesar
— Caesar himself was born in Rome
you may already know, among the Classical authors
Caesar was the only one from Rome
out of all the ancient Roman writers!
but not Cicero or Vergil
Terentius, Plautus
none among them was born in Rome
just Caesar
at that time the Latin language
was already international
it's a language between peoples
as it is today
it essentially belongs to no person by birth
but is an educated form of speech
so if we want to talk like Cicero
we must use 5 vowel qualities
but you might say
"But Luke, I prefer
"to talk like the common folk
"it might be rustic, but I want to talk that way"
if you wan to talk like
the Romans of the 1st century AD
if you want to talk like
less educated Romans
and farmers and foreigners, or Oscans!
no problem! therefore
you have to use this system
but that's not all!
you can't pronounce the letter H
you can't pronounce final letter -M
whether nasalizing or otherwise
you can't say the diphthong AE
you have to pronounce it 'ē'
you can't say the diphthong OE
you have to say 'ē'
you can't say the diphthong AU
you have to say 'ō'
here is an example
so there are
three systems
which we might use
in order to sound Roman
the first is the Calabrese system
this is the system of Cicero and Caesar
and you'll hear it
with open E and O
well, if you want
to sound like rednecks
and hillbillies
of the 1st century AD
it would be like this
and if you want to sound like educated
Romans of the 5th century AD
it should be like this
the difference between
the most Classical
pronunciation
and the educated speech of the 5th century AD
is just the difference between
closed and open E
and closed and open O
it's not a big difference
these are the only three
systems we might employ
/ɪ/ and /ʊ/ do not exist in the Latin
of the ancient Romans
I prefer the Calabrese System
I prefer the vowels of Cicero
I'm going to have to
change the phonemes
that I use
but it's important; I prefer to speak like Catullus
like Cicero, like Caesar
among many others of the Classical period
you also have to watch and listen to
the videos of my friend Raffaele
who has recording himself speaking
in three pronunciation schemes
in his videos
including the Calabrese System
and the Sydney Allen system
and the system
that was around in the 5th century AD
the links for these videos are in the description
and please go ahead and put
your comments about
these matters below
and let's talk about this stuff
thanks for watching!
I hope you'll add your
comments below
and
because we have to talk about these things
take care!
For more infomation >> Calabrese System Pronunciation of Latin / Systema "Calabrese" Pronuntiationis - Duration: 18:00.-------------------------------------------
[ MATCH 200 ] du FIVE SONGS - Duration: 6:28.
For more infomation >> [ MATCH 200 ] du FIVE SONGS - Duration: 6:28. -------------------------------------------
Những Pha May Mắn Nhất NRO | Ngọc Rồng Online - Duration: 3:04.
For more infomation >> Những Pha May Mắn Nhất NRO | Ngọc Rồng Online - Duration: 3:04. -------------------------------------------
[SORI] Sori in London EP4 - A Cuppa Coffe in London - - Duration: 6:21.
Sori's YouTube Channel
The bunny cap once worn by Ariana Grande.
Atsuko Kudo san and Nimon, who I reunited with in three years, is still kind and friendly.
It's been such a long time.
I wanna try on these jackets too.
we've got some latex jackets here too.
(Ain't it pretty?)
This looks so cool.
Once again I realized that
latex outfits are very form-fitting
and might look like it wouldn't take much time to produce, but that's not true. It requires all the details and care.
It seems like I've been here for several hours...
so, I'm gonna sit down here and relax for a bit.
I'm outta shop.
I thought it'd be done quick, but ended up taking 5 hours.
It was a good idea to have lunch before this.
(Oh right, diet...)
I'm looking forward to how my outfits would turn out.
This time around, I chose different color scheme
So, different design and different color scheme, get hyped, guys!
Shall we go eat then?
Since I said I was go on a diet, instead of a meal, I'm gonna have a cup of coffee.
Woohoo, London!
The sun is blazing!
(I don't wanna get burnt)
Such a hot day we're having in London. The current time of South Korea is 1:10 AM.
No wonder I kept yawning when I was at the shop.
Which way should I go?
I went to that cafe with CoCo before.
We waited there while the outfits were being updated.
After pondering upon which cafe,
since this one's so pretty, I decided to go in here.
So cute!
(sighs)
Since I kept yawning, I ordered Iced caffe latte
So that I can replenish some caffeine intake.
(This is a nice touch!)
( The latte arrived.)
(Heavenly.)
(The leisure from a cup of coffee.)
Such a beautiful weather.
I'm having a relaxing time.
(The coffee after the 5 hours of work was something else.)
So, I finished the most important task, that is getting my outfit done, and I just finished a cup of coffee,
and this is my last day in England...
I've always wanted to visit London Bridge...
We passed by it the last time we were here too, but it was late and dark, so I didn't get to see it well.
So, I'm gonna head over there and take some photos.
Apparently there's a bus that takes me straight there.
I'm gonna head over there.
I feel content since I accomplished something ever since I came over here in London...
I'm curious how well the outfits are gonna turn out, and whether I'd be able to pull off the outfit well.
I'm getting ready for my solo debut in detail, like this...
I hope you guys like my upcoming song.
(I prayed and wish that many people will like my new song, send me your support, guys!)
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🍅УНИКАЛЬНЫЙ СПОСОБ ПОСЕВА ТОМАТОВ - ПОД ЗИМУ.🍅 - Duration: 2:10.
Hello
a unique way of sowing tomatoes for the winter
the biggest problem for vegetable growers this seedling the same tomatoes sow in seedlings in late March
day in the first month of spring is still short so the seedlings need a backlight
The problem is, besides, there is a lot of space under the seedlings
it happens in the summer residents busy all the windowsill but where at this time to put houseplants
again the problem then it must be delivered to the dacha well if there is a car and if not in general
continuous trouble and meanwhile there is a unique way of sowing tomatoes which will get rid of trouble with seedlings
way to the word is simpler nowhere in October when the first frosts hit the garden are digging deep holes about
15 20 centimeters after which each one is put on one tomato yes yes directly on the whole tomato
over the fruits are covered with earth lightly and
tamped in the end from the top of the tomato to the surface of the earth should be 10 centimeters over the landings pour dry leaves layer
10-15 centimeters can be more and over the elderly mesh box
so that the shelter is not swept by the wind as soon as the snow falls, it is thrown over the landings
in the spring when the soil warms up
leaves must be removed and soon in each hole will ascend a whole bunch of tomato sprouts
them as well as planted seedlings will have to hide there is no konko from frosts and when they grow up
dig out and seed on beds and no problems with seedlings by the way tomatoes grown in this way are more
resistant to cooling because they naturally harden, they are more resistant to disease and yield is usually higher
I wish everyone good luck
subscribe to the channel put laiki write comments
-------------------------------------------
😭有一種傷害叫「為你好」[不正常宣導片] ⭐飛來橫喵⭐ - Duration: 1:51.
For more infomation >> 😭有一種傷害叫「為你好」[不正常宣導片] ⭐飛來橫喵⭐ - Duration: 1:51. -------------------------------------------
"Stree" Movie Public Review | Box Office Collection | Shraddha Kapoor | Rajkummar Rao - Duration: 1:28.
"Stree" Movie Public Review | Box Office Collection | Shraddha Kapoor | Rajkummar Rao
-------------------------------------------
藤原さくら × mabanua ／ "I wanna go out"（スタジオライブ）歌詞字幕付き - Duration: 4:20.
For more infomation >> 藤原さくら × mabanua ／ "I wanna go out"（スタジオライブ）歌詞字幕付き - Duration: 4:20. -------------------------------------------
মাথা নষ্ট বাংলা গান - হাওয়া হাওয়া (Hawa Hawa) | Bangla Gorom Masala Song - Duration: 3:32.
মাথা নষ্ট বাংলা গান - হাওয়া হাওয়া (Hawa Hawa) | Bangla Gorom Masala Song
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Judgment - Duration: 5:02.
Take a look at these two leaves…
Which leaf is the better one?
You don't have to answer it now but...
keep this question in mind,
while we explore the wonder of nature
together…
Have you ever gazed up into the night sky...
and saw a star which was in a "bad" position?
Have you ever watched ocean waves crash on the shore...
and saw any waves which were "misshapen"?
Have you ever looked at a white cloud floating overhead...
and saw any clouds which appeared "faulty"?
Have you seen a "wrong" river?
A mountain full of "mistakes"?
An "imperfect" snowflake?
Or a dewdrop...
which is not supposed to be there?
You see, all things in nature...
are always "right" in themselves.
They are beautiful and perfect
in their own mysterious way.
Even the unwanted has its worth,
the ugly has its utility,
and the seemingly "evil"...
has its vital function in the grand scheme of things.
Now,
let's stop pondering about nature for a while,
and think about ourselves.
Have you ever judged yourself?
Have you ever thought to yourself...
"I am worthless"?
"I am ugly"?
"I am stupid"?
"I am a failure"?
"A loser"?
Or "I am not good enough"?
If you have,
or if you are doing it right now,
may I remind you of one important truth?
That you, too,
are a part of nature.
In fact, you are nature.
Just like those stars,
those trees...
and those waves in the sea.
You have the right to be here.
You are beautiful,
useful and…
perfect in your own mysterious way.
This, of course,
doesn't mean that you shouldn't strive to become better,
but it means that there's no need to hate yourself...
on the path to becoming greater.
Animosity has nothing to do with advancement,
and judgment is not a prerequisite...
for improvement.
In fact,
when judgment enters our heart,
joy falls apart.
And without joy, well,
improvement has hardly any meaning.
So,
look again at your scar.
Can you see that it's actually "a star"
that shines forth the beauty of your experience?
Look again at your mistake.
Can you see that it's actually "a mountain"
that lifts you higher towards the sky,
now that you know how to learn from it?
Look again at your wound.
Can you see that it's actually "a wave"
that brings you lots of wisdom,
even though it may crash a little harshly on your heart?
Every experience has its lesson.
Every emotion has its function.
And every person has their purpose.
We are all part of nature,
dancing imperfectly…
to a perfect tune.
So now, let me ask you again…
"Which leaf is the better one?"
Well, the answer is…
"it depends".
Different leaves have different purposes,
and they are all useful and beautiful...
in their own unique ways.
Just like you.
This is K… signing off.
Till next time,
Be peaceful.
Be powerful.
-------------------------------------------
[EXID(이엑스아이디)] K-Wave 3 Music Festival in Malaysia 비하인드 - Duration: 11:20.
What are you eating?
How many did you had?
I already had three
Snacks are delicious in Malaysia
Try harder!
My arm hurts
So?
Hold this for me
Wait, I'm almost done.
I cannot give camera to them. They are too far.
JEONGHWA could
Stretch your arms
I cannot keep it like this
Do we have schedule with SOLJI since next time?
We have choreography for five. It is easier to do it.
We have the center!
Are you done with that? Hold it.
You don't usually do that!!!
Anyone remember choreography of <Vaporize Yourself>?
What was it?
Here we go
Am I doing right?
That doesn't look right
You arr not following the beat
No, it is right
Let's think about it after today's show!
Shell we finish it with cheers
It's different one
The one you did in Taiwan
What was it?
See you soon!
When did you bring the camera?
They wrote letters in Korean.
It must be hard for them
I'm so touched
We got cakes for HYELIN's birthday!
So cute
It's not [JUNG-DAM], it's [JUNG-DAP!]
They wrote letters in Korean but I could understand everything! It's amazing
This is the cake we got from the fans in Malaysia!
Look at the details! It has earrings
One thing is, it looks like it's wearing diapers...
Thank you very much and happy that you guys celebrated my birthday.
Strict / Serious/ solemn
The fan wrote it in Korean!
I felt that learning language is difficult while learning Chinese and Japanese.
I also felt that fans from overseas are so precious. They try to write something in their singers' language.
I'm going to read the letter from fans in Malaysia!
She wrote very well. "Hello, I love your see weed"
See weed?
I think it meant 'entertainment'
I can see her sincerity through the hand writing.
Have you seen 'ㅎ' as pretty as this?
I'll support you!
There's my picture!
Thank you for the letters!
Thank you Malaysia!
We don't have much time left. We prepared six songs. I'm looking forward to see the fans!
We will be back after finish the stage well! See you again!
Let's go!
It finally started!
There's EXID!
failed
Where's HYELIN
Struggling
I'm fine!
HANI laughs out loud
It's our first time in Malaysia!
What happened back there?
The curtains wouldn't open.
HYELIN prepared some event!
Up & Down in Malaysia!
It ended very well!
It was our first time in Malaysia but many fans cheered and sang along the songs. It was moving and passionate!
We hope that we can visit Malaysia more often. See you soon!
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Miniature Balloon Sugar Bowls | How To Cook That - Duration: 4:50.
Welcome to How To Cook That I'm Ann
Reardon and today I'm in my mini kitchen
which is only 1/12 of the normal scale
it is tiny and you guys requested that I
try and make miniature sugar bowls if
you're new around here to fill you in I
invented balloon drip sugar bowls back
in 2016 and I'll link you to that video
in the end but that was using
normal-sized balloons that I'm not sure
if it's even possible to make the
miniature size but let's find out
together weigh out your sugar and tip it
into a saucepan then take that to the
sink and add just enough water to make
it look like wet sand oops that's a
little bit much it'll be okay...
light your stove close it up and add
your pan to the heat. Leave that
unstirred for the sugar to dissolve and
while that is cooking put some baking
paper on to your bench then put a bowl
down to hold your balloon the right way
up and this is filled with water. If you
remember from the original video that I
did the water helps to disperse the heat...
with it being this small though there's
not much water in it so it might not
cool it enough to stop the balloon from
popping and I don't really want to have
sugar all over my mini kitchen but you
guys asked for it so I'm going to try!
Once the sugar is boiled for a while it
will start to turn golden so quickly at
that point you need to add in your
coloring. I'm just using a tiny bit of
pink ... wow the heat is going up that tiny
spoon very fast then we have to pour
that over the balloons ... here we go the
moment of truth are they going to pop??
They're looking good 😊I don't think they're going
to ... I think they're gonna hold. We
definitely needed the baking paper
underneath that to protect the counter
though and now we just have to leave
them to cool. To get your pan clean just
fill it with water and then you can just
leave that to one side and the sugar
will dissolve in about an hour or you
could spend ages trying to scrub it off
but this way it just magically cleans itself.
These are so tiny they have cooled
pretty quickly. Turn the tap to the side
take your balloon over to the sink and
make a tiny cut with scissors try and
get all that water down the sink
preferably not all over your kitchen and
you'll see that balloon is just going
down and as it gets to the end there
just give it a bit of a pull and pull
the balloon out and it worked! We have a
mini balloon bowl. Do the same with the
other one I don't have any miniature
scissors but even if I did I don't think
I could get my fingers to actually work
with them because they'd be too small.
You can store your balloon bowls in an
airtight container until you're ready to
use them. I like to fill mine with a few
scoops of ice cream ...
and a generous drizzle of chocolate
ganache you can make this just by mixing
equal parts by weight of hot cream and
some milk chocolate and stir it until
it's smooth. Add some freshly chopped
fruit ... raspberries and strawberries are
always nice together and then a
sprinkling of chopped nuts.
So yes you can make miniature sugar
bowls. I think these would look fabulous
in a party you'd need to make lots of
them of course and fill them with
something that doesn't melt maybe a
little piping of Chantilly cream and a
fresh raspberry on top of each one that
would be lovely.
or something chocolaty you use your
imagination. Click here to go to my
channel here for the original sugar
bowls recipe video here for more mini
baking and here for the latest video
make it a great week and I'll see you on
Friday.
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Wszyscy Tutaj Są [Zapowiedź Turnieju TF2] - Duration: 2:15.
For more infomation >> Wszyscy Tutaj Są [Zapowiedź Turnieju TF2] - Duration: 2:15. -------------------------------------------
VEGAN INTRO | STYLE IN A MAJOR - Duration: 2:59.
Hey guys!
I know we haven't seen face to face in a while and I know many of you wanted me to post again
This week will mark 2 years of Style in A Major and that's why I prepared something different for today.
I wanted to talk to you about the fact that I became vegan.
Perhaps not many of you are familiarised with veganism so I wanted to tell you a few things about it.
A lot of people confuse the terms vegan, vegetarian and raw-vegan.
Vegetarians are the ones who follow a normal diet, except they remove meat.
Raw-vegans are the ones who eat everything raw, nothing cooked, and vegans don't eat anything of animal origin.
No meat, eggs or dairy products.
Being vegan means following a certain diet, but that's not all.
For me, it represents a lifestyle.
I took this decision because I wish to protect the animals
I've loved animals since I was little, but as time passed I realised that they can be protected and I can contribute as well.
Therefore, I don't eat or use anything of animal origin.
Before I became vegan, I consulted with my parents, doctors and nutritionists
and I understood that the best way to go about it was to remove animal products gradually, which was what I did.
First I gave up meat, then eggs, and finally dairy products.
I must admit it wasn't easy, and maybe the hardest part was giving up my favourite cakes
but I searched and found many other vegan recipes.
As far as fashion goes, I don't wear leather, fur or feathers.
The footwear was the most difficult, because most shoes have a leather in soles
but I found alternatives.
I also don't use any products that are tested on animals, such as soap, toothpaste, makeup and hair products
I replaced them with cruelty free options.
This was challenging as well because they are not that easy to find,
but I've discovered a brand new world and I can't wait to share it with you from now on.
Since I became vegan, I feel better and I have a lot more energy.
From now on, I'm going to get involved in as many projects as I can to help animals.
I'm sure you have many questions linked to this subject
You can send them to me on social media and I'll be back with a vegan Q&A soon.
Till next time, stay in A Major, and I can't wait to answer your questions.
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Familienrabatt nur noch mit Nachweis | Landesschau Baden-Württemberg - Duration: 3:04.
For more infomation >> Familienrabatt nur noch mit Nachweis | Landesschau Baden-Württemberg - Duration: 3:04. -------------------------------------------
Wie lange bleibt die Niedrigzinsphase noch? - Duration: 6:29.
For more infomation >> Wie lange bleibt die Niedrigzinsphase noch? - Duration: 6:29. -------------------------------------------
New military intel command to officially kick off from September - Duration: 1:53.
The Defense Security Command was disbanded after the shocking revelation of its political
interference scandals.
And now a new military intel unit is ready to begin operation in its place tomorrow.
According to our Park Ji-won, its members, selected after a sweeping personnel reform,
is dedicated to winning back the public trust.
After months of government efforts to revamp the nation's military intel command,... a
new security command will officially launch at the start of September.
The official launch ceremony will be held at eight-thirty a.m.
September 1st at the headquarters of the intel command in Gwacheon, Gyeonggi-do Province.
Dubbed the "Defense Security Support Command,"... the new security command will be led by Lieutenant
General Nam Young-sin,... who also led the preparatory work for the new command over
the past month.
The new command will be under the direct control of the nation's defense ministry.
It will be operated by some three-thousand members,.. a roughly thirty percent decrease
from its predecessor.
Members who were involved in the previous intel unit's alleged illicit acts, including
the illegal surveillance of civilians, the manipulation of online commentaries,... and
the drawing up of documents for the imposition of martial law,... were removed from the new
command structure.
A ministry official said the new command will focus on its original role of military security
matters and anti-espionage issues.
The previous military intel command, or DSC, was disbanded,... and executive orders to
set up the new military intel command with its own new legal framework were passed during
a cabinet meeting earlier this month.
Independent investigations are currently underway on the previous intel unit's alleged interference
in domestic politics.
Park Ji-won, Arirang News.
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