Greetings, friends!
today I have to confess something else
I was wrong!
ah jeez...!
I said elsewhere
than in Classical Latin
that there are 7 vowel qualities
but recently I read a paper
written by Dr. Andrea Calabrese
in which this linguist/philologist
very clearly lays out the fact that
Classical Latin has
only 5 vowel qualities
here are the vowels of Classical Latin
in that previous video
regarding Latin vowels
I stated that there are 7 vowel qualities
because according to the Roman grammarians
of the 5th century AD
that's how it was
in the language at that time
and it's also that way
in modern Italian
here is are the vowels
of the 7-quality system
and of course from Greek
in all Roman periods
we have
but this beautiful vowel
is not, shall we say, native
according to the author of the article
Andrea Calabrese
it's impossible
for that system
which is rather often invoked
this is the system proposed by Sydney Allen
who also wrote the book
called VOX LATINA
here is the lovely book
and very important for those of us who
want to speak Latin according to the ancient standard
nevertheless there are errors in that book
for example
Allen says that
/ɪ/and /ʊ/ are Latin vowels
in the Classical language
but this is totally false
/ɪ/and /ʊ/ do not exist in Classical Latin
only in
the mouths of
Anglophones and Germans
and why are they impossible?
because the most conservative
of the Romance languages
that exist today
that best conserve
the ancient language are
the Sardinian language
which in Sardinia
can still be heard today
and Southern Lucanian
which can be found in Basilicata/Lucania
in Italy
in these languages
the short 'ĭ' of Latin has become [i]
and short 'ŭ' [u]
and these regions were colonized by the Romans
in the very same Classical Period
in the time of Classical Latin
and in the Sardinian language
and in the Lucanian language
there are only 5 phonological vowel qualities
and letter 'e' and 'o' are pronounced open
naturally in other languages
also born from Vulgar Latin
for example in Portuguese
Romanian, Italian,
French...
short 'ĭ' became [e]
and short 'ŭ' became [o]
this mutation
wasn't going on
in Rome the city
in the time of Cicero
but Cicero himself
heard his friend
saying this rustic sound
this is from Cicero's
De Oratore 3.46
For this reason, it seems to me, Sulpicius
that this friend of ours, Cotta,
whose broad sounds you sometimes imitate
when you drop the letter 'i' and
pronounce a super-obvious 'e' instead,
imitating farmhands
rather than the orators of the past
so Cicero hear's his friend Cotta
changing /i/ into /e/
this means
the mutation has occurred which
we find in the Romance languages
being ĭ -> /e/
in the book VOX LATINA
Sidney Allen writes, thinking
"given this change from 'i' to 'e'
"there needs to be
"and intermediate state"
he proposes [ɪ]
but there is no evidence for this
for this exact sound
on the contrary, Cicero says
"hey, you talk like a redneck!"
the rustic speech
will become the Romance languages
"hah, you talk like a hick; instead of 'i' you say 'e' "
the sound change is complete
there is zero need for an intermediate stage
likewise
ŭ -> [o] has occurred
an intermediate step is unnecessary
this rustic speech, however
in the 1st century AD
is heard more often
because in Pompeian inscriptions
we see
and many others
what does this mean?
this means that the rustic speech
or uneducated speech
already has this mutation
ŭ -> /o/
ĭ -> /e/
/ʊ/ and /ɪ/ are unnecessary
so what is our goal?
we want to speak in Latin
obviously you are watching me speak Latin
and maybe even without the subtitles
you can understand me; great!
there are those who
use the Ecclesiastical Pronunciation
lovely! they're speaking Latin, so I'm happy
while others
want to use
Classical/Restored Pronunciation
I am among them
let's say we want to speak like ancient Romans
now we know there exist
three fairly distinct
systems
which we might use
elsewhere
proposed
the 5th century AD pronunciation system for vowels
in this system there are 7 vowel qualities
just as in modern Italian
not surprisingly this is the latest Roman system
which became the modern Italian pronunciation
if we want to talk like Cicero, like Caesar
— Caesar himself was born in Rome
you may already know, among the Classical authors
Caesar was the only one from Rome
out of all the ancient Roman writers!
but not Cicero or Vergil
Terentius, Plautus
none among them was born in Rome
just Caesar
at that time the Latin language
was already international
it's a language between peoples
as it is today
it essentially belongs to no person by birth
but is an educated form of speech
so if we want to talk like Cicero
we must use 5 vowel qualities
but you might say
"But Luke, I prefer
"to talk like the common folk
"it might be rustic, but I want to talk that way"
if you wan to talk like
the Romans of the 1st century AD
if you want to talk like
less educated Romans
and farmers and foreigners, or Oscans!
no problem! therefore
you have to use this system
but that's not all!
you can't pronounce the letter H
you can't pronounce final letter -M
whether nasalizing or otherwise
you can't say the diphthong AE
you have to pronounce it 'ē'
you can't say the diphthong OE
you have to say 'ē'
you can't say the diphthong AU
you have to say 'ō'
here is an example
so there are
three systems
which we might use
in order to sound Roman
the first is the Calabrese system
this is the system of Cicero and Caesar
and you'll hear it
with open E and O
well, if you want
to sound like rednecks
and hillbillies
of the 1st century AD
it would be like this
and if you want to sound like educated
Romans of the 5th century AD
it should be like this
the difference between
the most Classical
pronunciation
and the educated speech of the 5th century AD
is just the difference between
closed and open E
and closed and open O
it's not a big difference
these are the only three
systems we might employ
/ɪ/ and /ʊ/ do not exist in the Latin
of the ancient Romans
I prefer the Calabrese System
I prefer the vowels of Cicero
I'm going to have to
change the phonemes
that I use
but it's important; I prefer to speak like Catullus
like Cicero, like Caesar
among many others of the Classical period
you also have to watch and listen to
the videos of my friend Raffaele
who has recording himself speaking
in three pronunciation schemes
in his videos
including the Calabrese System
and the Sydney Allen system
and the system
that was around in the 5th century AD
the links for these videos are in the description
and please go ahead and put
your comments about
these matters below
and let's talk about this stuff
thanks for watching!
I hope you'll add your
comments below
and
because we have to talk about these things
take care!
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