-------------------------------------------
UBC Future Global Leaders Pre-University Summer Program English Language Courses - Duration: 0:26.
You develop your English skills.
Because we always talk English.
And my English class's professors
expect you to write an essay.
I try to speak up in
class as much as I can.
I made friends from China
Germany, Brazil.
-------------------------------------------
Bing Ads | How To Keep Your Account Safe Tutorial - Duration: 13:56.
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HOW TO JUMPER HIGHER WITH YOU SIDE only in 3 steps (english tranlate too) - Duration: 3:38.
For more infomation >> HOW TO JUMPER HIGHER WITH YOU SIDE only in 3 steps (english tranlate too) - Duration: 3:38. -------------------------------------------
How Ancient Pollen Can Predict The Future - Duration: 4:24.
[♪ INTRO]
Maybe you remember the first time you saw a dinosaur fossil on display
in a natural history museum, or even just a picture of fossils in books and online.
It's easy to get lost imagining what the world looked like when these
stone bones, claws, and teeth were still a part of living creatures.
But when scientists really want to take themselves back in time, they don't just rely on fossils.
There are a lot of slightly less glamorous samples, from ancient grains of pollen to
bubbles of air trapped in ice, that can help us piece together older ecosystems.
Studying them has even spawned its own field of science, called paleoecology.
And paleoecologists aren't just learning about the past,
they're trying to predict the future.
Researchers find traces of extinct ecosystems in a lot of places,
including locked in the layers of sediment at the bottom of lakes.
New blankets of sediment are laid down constantly,
as nearby rocks and minerals break into tiny pieces.
So the muck gets older the deeper you go, and scientists can use these layers
to piece together how things have changed over time.
For example, thanks to pollen in cores of sediment that were collected from a lake in
Indiana, we know that beech trees became way less abundant
in the Great Lakes region of the U.S. starting about 8,000 years ago.
Beech trees burn pretty easily.
But in the part of the sediment cores from that time, the patterns of pollen, charcoal,
and minerals hint that drought may have killed off these trees, rather than fire.
Solving these cold cases doesn't just tell us about the past, though.
We can use the stuff in sediment cores to figure out how climate shifts might be related
to changes in whole ecosystems.
And that can give us some important clues about how today's anthropogenic,
or human-caused, climate change might affect our world in the centuries to come.
Charcoal particles in lake sediment, for instance, show that the world's boreal forests,
the evergreen forests around the Arctic, were set ablaze during the Medieval Climate Anomaly.
This anomaly was a period of unusually warm temperatures
that started around a thousand years ago and lasted several centuries.
Back then, the warming was caused by a strong fluctuation in ocean currents that changed
how heat was distributed around the globe, which is very different
from the changes going on today in the atmosphere.
But the warming of the Medieval Climate Anomaly
is similar in scale to what we're going through now.
So scientists think that how forests and other ecosystems were affected at the time
might be similar to how they'll be affected by today's climate change.
This means forests in the north should probably brace for more fire.
So if you thought this year's fire season was bad,
history indicates things are poised to go from bad to worse.
Clues come from places besides sediment cores, too.
Scientists can take cores from big, old trees and examine growth rings to look at weather
patterns over time, since things like rainfall affect how the rings are spaced.
By comparing tree rings to historical climate records, paleoecologists showed that oak trees
in savannas in the midwestern United States became less sensitive to drought over the
20th century, likely because carbon dioxide levels have been increasing.
With more CO2 available, trees and other plants can use it to photosynthesize more.
When plants open up pores called stomata to take in carbon dioxide, though,
they typically lose some water because it evaporates.
But it turns out that many plants have adapted so that their stomata
can take in more CO2 without letting too much water escape.
And this, among other things, makes researchers think that climate change
will have complex effects that aren't necessarily predictable.
Thanks to gas bubbles trapped in thick, Arctic ice, paleoecologists also know that the growing
amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere is totally unprecedented.
Ice cores sampled from some places go back an astonishing 800,000 years.
And in all that time, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have never risen this quickly.
So this time, the changing atmosphere could outpace ecosystems' ability to adapt.
This may sound scary, but we're arming ourselves
with knowledge that will help us deal with the challenges ahead.
The more we know about how Earth's ecosystems responded to climate shifts in the past,
the more prepared we'll be.
It's like that old saying: those who don't understand the past are doomed to repeat it.
And if you want to arm yourself with more knowledge about the past,
check out our sister show Eons, which dives deep into all the incredible things
that have happened on our planet over the past 4.6 billion years.
Just head over to youtube.com/eons and subscribe.
[♪ OUTRO]
-------------------------------------------
Cell Phone Induced Bodily Harm – and How the Bees Can Help - Duration: 4:29.
Cell Phone-Induced Bodily Harm � and How the Bees Can Help
By Sayer Ji
Did you know that your cell phone technically microwaves your brain?
And did you know that natural substances have proven radioprotective properties that can
reduce your risk of adverse exposures?
Cell phones and the communications infrastructure that makes them possible are ubiquitous today,
making complete avoidance of their significant radiotoxicity next to impossible.
Plenty of evidence already exists showing that cell phones emit a type of electromagnetic
radiation � in the microwave range � capable of adversely affecting a wide range of organs,
with the nervous system of those exposed perhaps most sensitive to its adverse effects.
Below is a sampling of some of their adverse health effects as demonstrated in the biomedical
literature:
Liver Damage Interruption of Sleep
REM Cycle Disruption Heart Damage
Fetal Harm Head Tumors
Kidney Damage Acoustic Neuroma
Brain Wave Disruption Provocative research indicates that the problems
associated with cell phone radiation exposure are far more profound that previously believed.
In fact, pregnant women may need to exercise additional caution in order to protect their
unborn from adverse neurological effects associated with cell phone radiation exposure.
In a study, entitled �The influence of microwave radiation from cellular phone on fetal rat
brain�, and published in the journal Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine in 2012, researchers
discovered that pregnant rats exposed to microwave radiation from cellular phones had fetuses
whose brains showed signs of harm, as measured by enhanced oxidative stress and altered levels
of neurotransmitters.
We also reported more recently on clinical research indicating that as little as 15 minutes
of �talk time� can profoundly alter and disrupt brain wave activity intimately connected
to cognition, mood, and behavior.
(See: Brain Wave Warping Effect of Mobile Phones.)
For a concise explanation of the mechanisms behind cell-phone induced damage, watch Dr.
Chris Busby�s video on the topic below:
Natural, Evidence-Based Ways to Protect Against Cell Phone Radiation
Given the wide range of potential risks associated with cell phones, we have plumbed the depths
of MEDLINE in search of research on natural substances capable of ameliorating cell-phone
associated toxicities.
Surprisingly, the little known bee product known as propolis exhibits powerful protective
action against cell-phone induced damage to a variety of organs, including the kidney,
heart and brain.
Once believed to function merely as mortar for plugging up small holes in the bee hive,
propolis is now understood to have powerfully protective properties, such as its antimicrobial
activity.
The bees even use it to mummify animals that make their way into the hive, e.g. lizards,
that they can not physically remove before they undergo putrefaction.
Propolis� infection-fighting properties, however, are only the tip of the iceberg when
it comes to its potential beneficial effects.
While there are over 100 potential therapeutic applications of propolis documented in the
biomedical literature, propolis� radioprotective properties are perhaps the most intensely
investigated and well established.
We have, in fact, indexed 15 such studies on its ability to reduce radiation-induced
damage, including gamma radiation commonly associated with medical diagnostic and radiotherapy
procedures which you can view here.
Other substances capable of protecting against the radiation specific to the mobile phone
range include melatonin, EGCG (green tea polyphenol), ginkgo biloba and the glutathione precursor
NAC.
To view the studies click the image below.
-------------------------------------------
Badass Week: A Memory of Solferino, The Life of Henry Dunant - Duration: 8:37.
On May 8, 1828, the man who founded The International Committee of the Red Cross, Henry Dunant,
was born.
In 1922, almost a century after his birth, the eighth of May was declared a day dedicated
to the International Red Cross, in this way honoring its founder.
Dunant's dream was to prevent and alleviate human suffering, without discrimination.
Despite being born to wealth, he died in poverty partially due to his dedication to charitable
work.
He remains one of the greatest humanitarians in history, but few today know much about
him.
So who was Henry Dunant really?
Henry Dunant was born in Geneva, Switzerland to wealthy parents.
His father was a successful – and generous – businessman who early on instilled in
Dunant's young mind the value of helping others.
His father and grandfather were men of power and prestige in Geneva, and had held various
positions such as membership in Geneva's governing council, director of a Geneva hospital,
and mayor of a small city near Geneva called Avully.
As a young man, Dunant was fascinated by the works of three writers, all of them women:
Harriet Beecher Stowe, Florence Nightingale, and Elizabeth Fry.
He later stated,
The influence of women is an essential factor in the welfare of humanity, and it will become
more valuable as time proceeds.
Henry busied himself with a number of charitable activities.
Anti-Semitism was pretty intense at that time in Europe, and Dunant worked against this,
particularly encouraging Christians and Jews to band together.
He also became a member of the Geneva organization known as the "League of Alms," whose main
purpose was to provide spiritual and material assistance to the poor and sick.
He frequently visited Geneva's jails, where he tried to rehabilitate and reintegrate prisoners.
Dunant was religious from his earliest youth, and had felt that religion could be the answer
to many moral issues in society.
Partially motivated by this, he became an active member of the Young Men's Christian
Association (YMCA) and co-founded a YMCA in Geneva in 1852.
He went on to help found the World Alliance of YMCAs which was first developed in 1855.
Along with his colorful social life and all his humanitarian efforts, he was prospering
on a professional level too.
In 1849, he was appointed to the Bank of Geneva.
His work there was so impressive that in 1853 he was appointed interim general manager of
the subsidiary company in Algeria, where he also started his own business.
In 1859, he had to consult with Napoleon III concerning his business, so he traveled to
northern Italy where Napoleon III was conducting a military campaign.
This trip changed his life.
On the June 25, 1859, Henry Dunant witnessed firsthand the tragedy and horrors of war when
he toured the area the day after the Battle of Solferino, a particularly bloody mutual
slaughter, with tens of thousands of soldiers left on the battlefield dead or dying.
This traumatic experience had such an impact that when he returned to Geneva, he wrote
a book about what he had seen, A Memory of Solferino, which he published at his own expense.
The book was translated into many languages, and was circulated to most of the influential
leaders and politicians throughout Europe.
A Memory of Solferino made this proposition:
"If the new and frightful weapons of destruction, which are now at the disposal of the nations,
seem destined to abridge the duration of future wars, it appears likely, on the other hand,
that future battles will only become more and more murderous.
Would it not be possible, in time of peace and quiet, to form relief societies for the
purpose of having care given to the wounded in wartime by zealous, devoted and thoroughly
qualified volunteers?"
He also stated:
Adoption by all civilized nations of an international and sacred principle which would be assured
and placed on record by a convention to be concluded between governments.
This would serve as a safeguard for all official and unofficial persons engaged in nursing
war victims.
The idea for the foundation of the Red Cross had been planted in his mind and heart.
After witnessing the direct aftermath of the battle of Solferino, Dunant dedicated his
time, and much of his money, to the relief of mankind from the pain incurred in war.
He traveled to every major city in Europe to spread the message of the destructive and
inhuman nature of war, and to promote the importance of peace.
In 1862, he sent Gustave Moynier, president of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare,
a copy of his book A Memory of Solferino.
Moynier was touched by the book's essence and decided to invite Dunant to a special
meeting on February 9, 1863 of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare.
Following this meeting, it was decided to establish an International Committee for Relief
to the Wounded of War.
This organization became the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Dunant served as a member of this committee and worked as its Secretary for some years.
Another key facet of his work was the suggestion that there was a need for, "a government
treaty recognizing the neutrality of the agency and allowing it to provide aid in a war zone."
This idea ultimately led to the first Geneva Convention treaty.
While Dunant's humanitarian work was producing amazing fruits, his business and financial
affairs weren't doing as well owing to nearly complete neglect by Dunant.
By 1867, he was forced to declare bankruptcy.
Financially ruined and with debts exceeding one million Swiss francs, he resigned from
his position as Secretary of the International Committee.
On September 8, 1867 the Commission decided to accept his resignation not only as Secretary,
but as a member as well.
In disgrace, Dunant went to Paris, where he ended up sleeping on benches in the parks
and eating scraps of food where he could find it.
But poverty did not stop his humanitarian work.
During the Franco-Prussian war, he visited and comforted the wounded who had been moved
to Paris, and introduced the use of armbands to identify the dead.
At the end of the war, Dunant traveled to London, where he sought to organize an international
conference concerning the problem of prisoners of war, and even though the Tsar of Russia
encouraged him, England was against such a project.
An international conference on the "total and final abolition of the slave trade"
was launched in London on February 1, 1875, also instigated by Dunant.
Of course, humanitarian work usually doesn't pay well, or at all in many cases, and years
of wandering and extreme poverty followed for Dunant.
Through the years, he traveled on foot in Germany, Italy and Alsace, living on donations
and the hospitality of friends and new acquaintances.
Finally, in 1887, Dunant found himself in the Swiss village of Heiden, where he fell
seriously ill.
He found refuge in the local nursing home, and it was here that he was discovered in
1895 by a journalist who wrote an article about him.
A few days later, the article, and the fact that Dunant was still alive which was news
to many, was republished throughout Europe.
Messages of sympathy and acclaim reached Dunant from all over the world; Dunant was again
celebrated and honored, and in 1901, he received the very first Nobel Peace Prize for his integral
role in the establishment of the Red Cross as well as the first treat in what would become
known as the Geneva Conventions.
Now with the Nobel Peace Prize money in hand, you might wonder if Dunant perhaps started
a new business with it to take himself out of poverty and debt, or at the least move
out of the small nursing home room he'd occupied for several years.
In fact, he did not.
He continued to live there for the rest of his life.
As for the prize money, some 75,000 Swiss Francs (about $375,000 today), he didn't
spend any of it himself, leaving it untouched in the account setup for him.
Upon his death nine years after winning the prize, he left much of the money to various
charitable organizations, as well as to the nursing home where he had been living with
the stipulation that they leave one free bed open for the poorest of the community to use
in times of need.
He also left a certain amount to pay back some of the debts he still had from back in
his business days.
Henry Dunant died in relative obscurity on October 20, 1910.
As per his wishes, no funeral was held, nor any other type of gathering celebrating his
life.
He simply requested that he be "carried to his grave like a dog."
-------------------------------------------
Jumpy | Short of the Week #045 - Duration: 1:51.
For more infomation >> Jumpy | Short of the Week #045 - Duration: 1:51. -------------------------------------------
BEWARE OF MEDIA INDUCED PANIC OF THE PLAGUE AS THE NEXT BIG PANDEMIC - Duration: 5:01.
BEWARE OF MEDIA-INDUCED PANIC OF THE PLAGUE AS THE NEXT BIG PANDEMIC
BY Phillip Schneider,
Every few years, the media stirs up fear of another pandemic to coincide with a new vaccine
and fairly totalitarian measures from hospitals and governments.
In 2009 the hype was about the swine flu, then came Ebola in 2014, and now it appears
that the plague may be the next big scare to get people rushing back to their doctors,
afraid of another outbreak.
Africa is usually the place where outbreaks start due to lower hygiene and closer contact
with wild animals, which makes it no surprise that Madagascar has become the origin of this
particular incident of plague.
According to the World Health Organization, the number of deaths from plague in Madagascar
was roughly 165 in mid-November after climbing from 30 since early October.
So far 2,000 people have been infected, according to CNN.
Neighboring Countries Still on Alert � But Western Countries Shouldn�t Worry
Several neighboring countries of Madagascar are still on Alert for plague.
Those nine countries include Ethiopia, Kenya, Comoros, Mozambique, Reunion island, Mauritius,
Saychelles, Tanzania, and South Africa, either because they are in close proximity to, or
due to trade links with Madagascar.
Even though neighboring countries in Africa are on alert, there is currently no need to
panic if you live in a Western country.
Usually, the outbreaks which start in Africa cause very minimal damage in America and Europe,
however the media hype surrounding them is typically more massive in those countries
than anywhere else in the world.
For example, although during the Ebola outbreak only one American had died, it was possibly
the most sensationalized media story in the country in 2014.
Additionally, outbreaks of plague are actually fairly typical in Madagascar, causing an estimated
400 infections per year.
Unless you are traveling there in the near future, I would not worry too much about contracting
the plague.
According to the CDC, 80% of plague cases in the U.S. have been the bubonic form, which
is less serious than the pneumonic plague and there have only been 1006 confirmed or
probable human plague cases since 1900.
Luckily, the Madagascar outbreak which began in August 2017 is now steadily going down
and has likely reached its peak.
Generally speaking, travelers are still advised to be cautious when around that area.
�No vaccine is available to prevent plague, but travelers can take steps to prevent plague
and plague can be prevented with antibiotics.� � CDC
Is It Lucrative for The Media to Hype Up Outbreaks Anymore?
One thing we can learn from past outbreaks is that they usually blow over fairly quickly
� after the media and governmental authorities create a hype that outweighs the actual risk
of infection.
But with no vaccine and a never-ending supply of useless political news, is it still lucrative
enough for the media to blow up stories about disease?
During the Ebola craze of 2014, a political advisor named David Axelrod spoke out about
the media�s coverage of Ebola while the UK�s election campaigns were running.
Apparently, even those high up in the political sphere see this type of coverage as a distraction
from more important issues.
He was quoted by the London Telegraph as saying that �Ebola is not a crisis in America.
It is a crisis in West Africa, but the media and craven politicians are hyping the threat
to keep interest.� David was a senior advisor to Barack Obama�s election campaigns as
well as to Ed Miliband in the UK.
Now fast forward to 2017 where the major media uses Washington, particularly regarding unproven
allegations with Russia, as the world�s biggest distraction from the most important
and actionable stories of the day.
Is it still necessary for major media organizations to talk about disease outbreaks in order to
stay relevant while they can alternatively get more viewership in other ways?
Regardless, it�s probably safe to say that we won�t be suffering from an epidemic of
plague anytime soon.
-------------------------------------------
L'orso dietro la montagna | Filastrocche In Italiano Per Bambini | Canzoni In Età Prescolare - Duration: 1:13:58.
The bear went over the mountain,
The bear went over the mountain,
The bear went over the mountain,
To see what he could see.
And all that he could see,
And all that he could see,
Was the other side of the mountain,
The other side of the mountain,
The other side of the mountain,
Was all that he could see!
The bear went over the river,
The bear went over the river,
The bear went over the river,
To see what he could see.
And all that he could see,
And all that he could see,
Was the other side of the river,
The other side of the river,
The other side of the river,
Was all that he could see!
The bear went over the mountain,
The bear went over the mountain,
The bear went over the mountain,
To see what he could see.
And all that he could see,
And all that he could see,
Was the other side of the mountain,
The other side of the mountain,
The other side of the mountain,
Was all that he could see!
The bear went over the river,
The bear went over the river,
The bear went over the river,
To see what he could see.
And all that he could see,
And all that he could see,
Was the other side of the river,
The other side of the river,
The other side of the river,
Was all that he could see!
-------------------------------------------
Flowerfell Already Dead [Fr traduction] - Duration: 3:52.
For more infomation >> Flowerfell Already Dead [Fr traduction] - Duration: 3:52. -------------------------------------------
Nature Cure For ED (Erectile Dysfunction Impotence) - Duration: 4:15.
For more infomation >> Nature Cure For ED (Erectile Dysfunction Impotence) - Duration: 4:15. -------------------------------------------
[LEGENDADO] Cena Favorita da 1ª Temporada: Camila Mendes 📺 - Duration: 0:43.
For more infomation >> [LEGENDADO] Cena Favorita da 1ª Temporada: Camila Mendes 📺 - Duration: 0:43. -------------------------------------------
Top 5 mitos nucleares - Duration: 5:34.
For more infomation >> Top 5 mitos nucleares - Duration: 5:34. -------------------------------------------
How to Keep Party Food at the Right Temperature - HGTV - Duration: 1:17.
For more infomation >> How to Keep Party Food at the Right Temperature - HGTV - Duration: 1:17. -------------------------------------------
De Música Ligera, Soda Stereo (LEGENDADO PT - ES) - Aprender Espanhol Com Música - Duration: 5:51.
For more infomation >> De Música Ligera, Soda Stereo (LEGENDADO PT - ES) - Aprender Espanhol Com Música - Duration: 5:51. -------------------------------------------
Coloring Pages Christmas Candy for Kids - Christmas Coloring Books - How to Draw Candies for Kids - Duration: 10:45.
[Music]
[Music]
[Music]
[Music]
[Music]
[Music]
[Music]
[Music]
[Music]
[Music]
Magic
Coloring Pages
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Best Overwatch Players in the World - Duration: 19:32.
Overwatch Plays - NIVIRO - The Guardian Of Angels [NCS Release] 1 HOUR
-------------------------------------------
Marketing: Crash Course Film Production #13 - Duration: 9:55.
Let's say you made a movie.
You wrote a script, prepared the shoot, assembled a cast and crew, shot the film, edited it,
and sound mixed the thing until it's ready for the world.
And it's awesome.
Congratulations!
Now… you just have to convince an audience to come see it.
These days, that's more important than ever.
With hundreds of films, TV series, and online videos competing for our attention, filmmakers
and distribution companies need to find creative ways to make their content stand out.
From posters and trailers to celebrity press junkets, let's take a peek at the world
of marketing.
[Opening Music Plays]
In the earliest days of film, movies were
the marketing.
People bought tickets just to see pictures move on a screen.
As it became clear that film was going to endure as a source of mass entertainment and
communication, a permanent infrastructure emerged – things like movie studios and
theater chains.
Those studios started making more movies to keep up with demand.
And, suddenly, moviegoers had options!
Audiences also became more sophisticated viewers.
They wanted stories, and they wanted stars.
Film studios and distributors were faced with greater competition and needed to find ways
to persuade people to see their film, instead of somebody else's.
That's where marketing comes in.
And, in fact, many of the elements of cinema's earliest marketing campaigns are still with
us today.
In the 1910s, the studios that made and distributed films noticed that more people bought tickets
for movies starring actors like Florence Lawrence, Mary Pickford, and Lillian Gish.
So they began to market their films based on celebrities, which helped create the star system.
Celebrities continue to be a powerful weapon in a film's marketing arsenal to this day.
They can be deployed to talk shows, magazine spreads, or press junkets, where hundreds
of journalists are wined, dined, and given a few precious moments to interview a personality.
Today's celebrities also leverage their own social media to increase hype around their movies.
But as flashy as the star system is, in many ways, the cornerstone of film marketing is
the poster or one sheet.
Whether they're organized around an iconic image from the film, or covered with the movie's
most famous actors, these graphic designs can be used in print ads, transformed into
billboards, or displayed outside theaters.
The best posters represent a movie in a single, powerful image.
Think of the shark rising up toward the swimmer on the Jaws poster, or the moth over Jodie
Foster's mouth from The Silence of the Lambs.
Posters often include taglines as well – brief, memorable catch-phrases that sum up the theme
of the movie.
Like Alien: "In space, no one can hear you scream."
Or The Shawshank Redemption: "Fear can hold you prisoner, hope can set you free."
Posters might also feature quotes from film critics.
Remember, this is all an act of persuasion, so if critics are raving, people might get
curious enough to see a movie for themselves.
Trailers or previews were another early development in film marketing.
The earliest trailers appeared at the end of serials, early short films that told a
longer story in weekly installments.
Each episode would end with some kind of cliffhanger, and include a shot from the next week's film.
Once feature films became the norm, studios would mine a film for shots of its most famous actors.
Then, they would pair those shots with title cards – or after the advent of sound, a
narrator – to tell the audience how incredible the movie was going to be.
In the 1960s, American movie trailers began to break this mold.
Alfred Hitchcock famously starred in the trailer for Psycho, in which he gave the audience
a walking tour of the film's set, describing where various grisly murders took place.
In 1964, Stanley Kubrick made his own trailer for Dr. Strangelove.
It's a funny, fragmented creation, intercutting very short clips from the movie with title
cards that ask the movie's big questions.
Since the 1970s, films have also advertised on television.
Jaws was among the first, featuring a shortened version of the theatrical trailer.
And during this time, another big change came to Hollywood marketing.
Before the 1970s, the marketing departments of major movie studios began their work after
a film was done.
The studio produced the movie, and then the marketing people sold it to an audience.
But by the 1980s, those studios had all been purchased by big multinational corporations,
where the marketing professionals were consulted before many products were fully developed.
That strategy trickled down, and by the mid-1980s the in-house marketing departments of places
like Paramount, Warner Brothers, and 20th Century Fox began weighing in on which films
should actually get made.
Studios like Marvel have taken this to a whole new level, staking out release dates and creating
promotional material for movies before they've developed a script, hired actors, or picked
a director.
Meanwhile, sponsorships and product placements have existed in some form since the dawn of
movies, but in the 1980s, they reached a whole new level.
Companies like Coca-Cola or Frito-Lay would pay to have their products featured in movies
aimed at an audience they hope to reach.
And it often worked!
For instance, after Hershey's agreed to spend $1 million marketing Stephen Spielberg's
E.T. in exchange for a prominent use of Reese's Pieces in the film, sales of the candy jumped
by a whopping 65% in just two weeks!
And the Internet has revolutionized movie marketing in many ways.
Not only is it cheaper to deliver trailers over the web, but marketing departments can
now target their material to very specific audiences.
And savvy use of social media can amplify the marketing team's message.
So rather than paying to advertise on every major television network, the marketing team
of a new animated film can aim ads directly at, say, people whose browser histories indicate
that they have young kids.
Now, when you're marketing a film, first you'll have to figure out how much you'll
need to spend.
Generally speaking, marketing costs about an additional quarter to a half of a film's budget.
So if you've made a new comic book movie for $150 million, you might have to spend
another $75 million to make sure people know it's coming out.
And the problem is, now your movie has to make $225 million just to break even!
So where does all that money go?
Well, the biggest chunk of a marketing budget falls under something called Prints and Advertising,
or P&A.
Marketing departments will often buy print ad space in local newspapers and on billboards,
advertise on the radio, or make a series of teasers and trailers.
And depending on /how/ you release your film, the cost of P&A can change.
Each of these avenues has different marketing requirements, expenses, and strategies.
A theatrical release is generally pricier.
The film itself has to be physically delivered to theaters – which used to cost more when
that meant hauling around heavy metal cans full of physical film.
But there are benefits, too.
There's still some prestige attached to having your film play in a movie theater.
And films have to have at least a small theatrical release to be eligible for major awards like
the Oscars, for instance.
And if you make a big enough marketing splash when your film opens in theaters, by the time
it comes out on other platforms, people might remember hearing about it.
Other films find release on cable television.
Marketing these films is somewhat less expensive, and the audience is easier to find –
because they're already watching the channel!
Channels like HBO, Showtime, and even the History Channel have produced and distributed
movies and miniseries to great success in recent years.
Then, there are paid streaming services like Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Hulu.
They not only distribute films that have had a theatrical run, but also let you stream
original movies on your television, tablet, or phone whenever and wherever you want.
These companies know more about who their audience is than anyone else.
They know what you've watched before, what you've searched for, and what you might
be interested in seeing next.
This level of detail is a dream for movie marketing executives… and a little bit
creepy if you think about it too much.
Some movies get released on free streaming services, like YouTube or Vimeo.
These films often aim their marketing materials at prominent users of a platform, hoping that
someone with a few million followers will spread the word about their movie.
This kind of marketing can be less expensive, but more time-consuming.
Movies also get released on home video formats like DVD and Blu-ray, and by film festivals,
both live and online.
Some movies use a successful film festival run to market their films to buyers – distribution
companies who will then release the film theatrically or through video-on-demand.
These distribution companies, from the major studios to independent companies like A24
or Magnolia Pictures, will use their expertise and infrastructure to execute a marketing
strategy and help the film find its audience.
Film festivals also offer movies a chance to be seen by critics, whose reviews can boost
interest in a film and provide marketing departments with quotes they can put on the posters and
DVD art.
Needless to say, different kinds of movies aimed at different audiences require very
different marketing and distribution strategies.
And while a film's success relies on more than just its marketing, every film does
need to find its audience.
For big-budget movies with a theatrical release, the opening weekend box office is key to their success.
The money and good press from a big opening weekend can lead all the way to massive home
video sales, successful sequels, and even theme park rides.
So there's a lot riding on the marketing departments of major studios to get people
buying tickets for their films right out of the gate.
They have some help, because many huge Hollywood movies are based on characters or stories
that people are familiar with.
Sequels, prequels, and reboots, oh my!
Since audiences are already pre-aware of these stories, the job of the marketing department
is to use tools like trailers, posters, commercials, or talk show appearances to make people want
to see these movies right away.
Big-budget marketing efforts create a vicious cycle, though, since the high cost of a national
campaign means the film has to make even more money at the box office to break even.
Smaller, independent movies don't have the resources to throw 100 million dollars into
marketing, but they don't necessarily need to.
These movies are often made for much less money, so they don't need to break box office
records on their opening weekend to be a success and pay back investors.
So whether you've made the latest Marvel movie or a DIY indie on your cell phone, marketing
is an essential piece of the filmmaking puzzle when it comes to finding an audience and getting
them excited to see your film.
Today we talked about the history of marketing, from the earliest days through innovative
online campaigns.
We looked at the ways marketing professionals use things like posters, trailers, and celebrity
interviews to drive awareness of films.
And we explored the costs and benefits of various strategies for marketing large-scale
blockbusters versus micro-budget indies.
Next time we'll spend some time exploring that age old question: should you go to film
school, or not?
Crash Course Film Production is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
You can head over to their channel to check out a playlist of their latest shows, like
Deep Look, Eons, and Infinite Series.
This episode of Crash Course was filmed in the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio
with the help of these nice people and our amazing graphics team is Thought Cafe.
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