JAKE ARCHIBALD: Hello, I'm Jake, and I
work in Developer Relations.
This means I live in constant fear
that my developer skills are going to rot
and fall off, because I spend too much time doing stuff
like this rather than building actual real stuff.
This is why when someone in Dev Rel builds a thing,
we won't shut up about it.
It's our proof to the world that we still got it.
We're still cool.
We're still one of you, a developer.
And on that note, look what I made.
It's a little responsive web app that
lets you search for and read Wikipedia articles.
Now I know what you're thinking.
Hasn't this already been created before by Wikipedia?
Well, yes, shut up.
Forget about that.
That's not the point.
I want to talk about performance.
First up, let's immerse ourselves
in the current load time.
Ready, setty, go.
That wasn't so fun.
That was the load time of one of the articles
on a 3G connection.
It's important to watch the 3G load times,
because even though we have 4G now, those users
are on 3G or worse a lot of the time,
a quarter of the time in the US, half the time
in large parts of Europe.
So here's our problem.
We saw 2.7 seconds of nothing and a further 2.1 seconds
of basic interface without meaningful content,
just a toolbar and a spinner.
Even on 5 megabit, we're waiting over two seconds for content.
As users of the web, we know this kind of load time
is a bad experience, but that bad experience directly
impacts download conversions, donation conversions,
and outright revenue.
And there are some studies that you
can throw at the money people to convince them that performance
really does matter.
I'm going to show you how you can slash the load
time of something like this, and we'll
add in some cool new features along the way as well.
So here's the markup, roughly.
It's got CSS, JavaScript, and nothing else.
I'm relying on JavaScript for all my rendering,
which is kind of bad.
So don't do that.
Our initial render is pretty static.
So let's do it without JavaScript.
So we'll add some markup in for the title bar
and mark the JavaScript as async.
Now it won't block rendering, and it will execute
whenever it finishes loading.
Doing this knocks around half a second off our first render
time on 3G.
And the bigger your JavaScript is,
the bigger gains you'll see with this fix.
But we're not done.
We need to prioritize our CSS.
We can't render until all of our CSS is downloaded,
but we only actually need a tiny fraction of it
for the first render.
So we'll do this.
We'll inline the bits for the first render
and then load the rest asynchronously using
JavaScript.
The Filament Group created loadCSS to do just that.
It's a tiny script that you can inline in your page.
So that's what we'll do.
We'll hide our article element so we don't get
a flash of unstyled content.
We'll load our CSS, and once it's ready,
we'll show the article.
This is a huge win for slower connections.
Only 1.4 second of blank screen on 3G,
that's a huge improvement.
And the bigger your CSS is, the bigger gains
you'll see with this fix.
Now, I realize there's been a lot of code and graphs so far,
and that actually goes against the guidance we've
had for creating these videos.
So to address the balance, here are
some pictures I took at a zoo.
[MUSIC PLAYING]
Welcome back.
So we're down to 1.4 second on 3G, but all we've improved
is the time to this, not the actual content.
Let's fix that.
Our bottleneck is once again our JavaScript.
You see, the browser makes a request.
It gets back a page, and that page
tells the browser to go fetch some JavaScript and CSS.
And then that JavaScript tells the browser
to request the article data, which
we get from Wikipedia's API plus a few alterations.
You see the problem?
We've made two back and forths before we even think
about downloading the content.
This is super inefficient and a big problem
with JavaScript-rendered sites, particularly those
created with frameworks as the JavaScript
tends to be pretty big.
Instead, let's render the page on the server.
So the request goes out, we compile the content
on the server, and send back plain HTML.
So how much quicker is that?
It is worse.
Can we cut?
[MUSIC PLAYING]
OK, OK, I figured it out.
Wikipedia is a bit of a bottleneck.
Our API request to them takes around 900 milliseconds.
Probably because Wikipedia contains five billion articles
covering quantum physics, the rule of threes,
and they're being access thousands of times a second.
But you might run into the same problem
with many third-party APIs, maybe even certain database
requests on your own server.
So our server gets the request, it goes off to Wikipedia,
takes that 900 millisecond hit, and only then
does it send stuff back to the client.
In the meantime, the user's left looking at a blank screen.
But there's a better way.
We fix this by streaming the response using chunked encoding
or multiple data frames if you're speaking HTTP/2.
This allows us to start sending the HTML
before we have the whole content.
So we respond immediately with our header and toolbar.
That gets is this fast first render
and lets the browser know about the JavaScript and extra CSS.
Then as we get content back from Wikipedia,
we can transform it and send it on to the browser.
This is quite easy with a no-js or golang backend.
With no-js, I can just call write whenever
I have something worth sending, or I can pipe a stream
to the response.
There's also the Dust.js templating language.
I don't much care for the syntax,
but it supports streaming.
It'll output as much as it can until it
encounters a template value that's
either a promise or a stream.
And then it'll wait for that promise
to fulfill or pipe the stream.
And the result-- we fixed our first render time
and massively improved the content rendering time.
Let's look at that side by side with the first
JavaScript-driven iteration.
We'll set them off at the same time,
and you can see the difference.
We are now web performance winners.
[MUSIC PLAYING]
But wait, what about the second load with our populated cache?
Currently cache load times are not
dissimilar to normal load times.
Our bottlenecks are making a request
to the server and the server getting data from Wikipedia,
and that's the best case.
We cannot rely on the browser cache for performance.
Stuff falls out of the browser cache all the time,
or we as developers invalidate it by making code changes,
because that's our job.
Also, there's a connection type we haven't catered for.
No, not offline, this.
I call it Lie-Fi.
Offline?
Offline is OK.
At least it's honest.
Can I fetch this?
No.
Can I go here?
No.
Can I do this?
No.
Lie-Fi is like offline, but it trolls you
by pretending to be online.
It'll attempt to make a connection for minutes
and still fail.
Let's fix this.
Let's take control of the cache and page loads
using Service Worker.
Now I'm not going to dive into the ServiceWorker API.
There's an HTML5 Rocks article for that.
But here's the concept.
During the first server-rendered load,
we register for a ServiceWorker.
Then it gets everything it needs from the network
to render a page-- the CSS, JavaScript, and basic page
shell.
Then it puts them in a cache.
Now, unlike the standard browser cache,
items aren't automatically removed from this one.
For the next page load, we're going
to go back to rendering on the client,
but this time, it's supercharged by the ServiceWorker.
The browser requests an article, and the ServiceWorker
responds with the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript,
and this is super fast as it doesn't
require the network at all.
The connection type doesn't even matter.
It's all from a local cache.
Now the page asks for article content.
This delay made our client render slow before,
but the ServiceWorker preempted this request along
with the initial page, and it's already on its way.
This absolutely slashes our first render time
to almost instant, but our content render time kind of
suffers.
Remember the problem we saw with our first server render?
Well, we've kind of just recreated that on the client.
Our JavaScript pulls down the full Wikipedia article
before it puts it on the page.
We're losing time here, because we've got some content,
but we're not showing any of it to the user.
Over the next year, you'll see a new API learn to fix all this--
the Streaming API.
Parts of it are landing in Canary already
so we can make some use of it.
Here I fetched the article, but instead
of getting the full text, I get a screen reader
and start siphoning off the content as it arrives.
I write the result once when I have to first 9K,
and then I write again once I have to rest.
Writing it to your HTML twice like this is kind of hacky,
but as streaming APIs land in the browser,
we'll get access to the proper streaming HTML parser.
But even this hacky solution has improved things.
We've retained the quick first render,
but now our content render is much better.
But now that we have a ServiceWorker,
we can make even greater use of it.
The final step-- if we've got ServiceWorker caching assets,
why not let it cache articles?
You could cache articles automatically,
but I'm going let--
[DING]
--the user decide.
With a full cached article, the content load time
drops into under a half a second.
Not only that, it's that fast on Wi-Fi, it's that fast offline,
and it's that fast on Lie-Fi.
We don't leave users with old content either.
When the user looks at a cached article,
we can then go to the network in the background
and look for updates.
If we find some, we can just update the content on the page.
[DING]
When swapping content on the page,
we need to ensure it's not disruptive to the user.
Wikipedia changes are usually small so it isn't particularly
risky here, but we could detect bigger changes in content
and instead show a notification inviting the user
to click something in order to see the updates.
These are the things that make the difference between a web
app and a great web app-- get to first render before JavaScript,
render with minimal inline CSS, render
on the server with response streaming,
leverage the ServiceWorker for caching your content shell,
and even use it for offline first content.
This is how we make the web fast.
You can check out the Wikipedia demo on GitHub,
and if you're interested in other smart uses
of ServiceWorker, check out the offline cookbook,
SVGOMG, Trained to thrill, and the Google I/O website.
And next time someone from Dev Rel
shows you something they've made, give them a hug
and tell them they're a true developer just like you.
Seriously, we need this.
[MUSIC PLAYING]
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