Waching daily May 31 2018

All right, rebetiko etymologically derives from the « reverie/muse », from the « reckless »…

At the source of rebetiko!

What rebetiko is? Mmmm ... Personally?

Every time we sing rebetiko, we listen to rebetiko songs,

my mind time-travels back to childhood memories,

time-travels in the 80's decade as we were growing up with the «MINORE TIS AVGIS»,

and we use to take our mother's ladles from the kitchen to pretend playing bouzouki and baglama.

It entails the merrymaking,

it includes politics too,

the acquaintances, the entire life spectrum can revolve around rebetiko.

Cha, Renaud, Nicolas, used to play swing,

gypsy

and now that learned to play rebetiko we won them for the rebetiko,

they enjoy to discover something else and be expressed thought it,

but they are "foreigners", they live here,

they have embraced rebetiko,

and thus the genre evolves, and that's life.

It is what we are,

it is what we live every day,

and this entire ordeal we need to go through every day in order to live.

To be paterfamilias,

magkas (tough guy),

to resist within the society, to scrape out a living.

Thus, rebetiko has begun –and now begins– to spread everywhere,

its dynamic –as I said before– is enormous

and you have seen nothing yet!

For more infomation >> Rebetiko Odyssey Trailer - Duration: 3:34.

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Our Responsibility in the Anthropocene - Duration: 3:46.

- We are at a point, where we're starting

to hit the ceiling of the capacity of the planet

to support humanity in a stable way.

Unfortunately, we've filled up so much of the atmosphere

with greenhouse gases, we have emptied

so much of the oceans, of overfishing, we have destroyed

so much of our ecosystems,

that we now have scientific evidence, that we need

to transform ourselves back into safe operating space

on Earth within one generation.

- The Holocene is called "The Long Summer",

and the very stable climate has been the conditions

for the rise of civilizations as a whole.

But now, we are leaving this matrix,

and so we are now with this epoch,

which we call "The Anthropocene",

and this is just the result of

all those cumulative human activities,

that are creating this big problem we're in.

- One thing that I find very challenging

in thinking about planetary stewardship

and sustainability is: How we can recognise

the problems that exist at scale?

And at the same time,

can't make the small changes in our own lives

to correct for bad patterns that are happening.

- What I really need, and I think most of us need,

is we need those stories that tell us the bridge,

from where we are today, to where we want to go.

And we need those stories told to us over and over and over,

so that we can make sense of them for ourselves,

and find the way to the future in solving climate change.

- The healing of the planet, the healing of our societies,

the healing of communities, and personal healing,

inner healing, all of these levels are connected,

and they all draw from a new story.

- You know that really reverberates with Maori people

in terms of 'Te Pae Tawhiti' the distant horizon.

We have an intergenerational plan... 500 years.

Looking out further than our lifetimes

and thinking about the types of steps

that each generation will need to take

in order to ultimately achieve the outcome

that we aspire to have for our community.

- What we really need to see is that people understand

that all of our economic value comes from nature.

It's as simple really as: No healthy planet means

that there's no healthy people.

- There has never been scientifically so much reason

to be deeply, deeply concerned and nervous.

But equally there's never been

so much reason for hope. And this is the big paradox today.

The window is still open

for transitioning into a safe operating space

where we can still have a stable planet,

and there by stable local ecosystems.

- We are here continuing

to have one ecological crisis after another.

Trapped in a futile response pattern.

What it's asking for is a revolution of love.

It's asking us to transcend being centred just on humans.

To accept our participation in a larger reality.

The climate crisis is an invitation to us,

to join the tribe

of all life on Earth as a contributing member.

For more infomation >> Our Responsibility in the Anthropocene - Duration: 3:46.

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I Downloaded A Vision of The Future From a Deceased Relative - Duration: 3:33.

I Downloaded A Vision of The Future From a Deceased Relative

by Teresa Yanaros,

Last night I had an incredible dream after which I was mentally downloaded with a package

of information related to my soul path. I�ve been reeling all day, completely energized

and activated by the event.

The Dream

I am standing in a room with pieces of paper tacked messily over the far wall of the enclosure.

As I make my way over to the display, I begin to notice messages written all over the pieces

of paper.

heart wall.jpg

Various people from my life have written me encouraging notes, filled with wisdom and

positive insights related to my life�s work and what I am doing.

What Am I Doing?

For those of you who don�t know, I am a researcher and an author currently in the

process of writing my second book, �Key of the Initiate.� My first book, �What

is Magic?� is about my awakening, and this second book begins to tell the story of what

happened directly following completion of the first novel. It tells of my trip down

the rabbit hole, of experiences with channeled packages of dense information related to soul

technology and contact with extraterrestrials. I�ve been working with a team of artists

to recreate impactful scenes from the last few years of my life. It�s been an amazing

journey, and I am honored and humbled to be working with incredibly talented souls in

the conscious community to bring this narrative to life.

This isn�t the only project I am currently working on, either. I am also working with

prolific artists and musicians to create a collaborative showcase of all the amazing

talents we have pouring out of souls in our community.

Divine Frequency Art and Music Project

This project will feature uplifting messages disseminated through art and musical pieces,

in alignment with the mission statement of Divine Frequency, which is to spread a message

of personal empowerment and sovereignty to the world, so we can rise up and fully step

into and actualize our co-creative potential.

In the dream, I was receiving a big message of, �keep going, we are rooting for you!�

from many people who are affected positively by my work, my efforts to boost the reach

of conscious creators all over the world, and my undertaking of providing an outlet

for creators to expand their growth and potential.

What Happens Next?

After pouring over all of the inspirational messages on the wall, I am promptly handed

a package that reads on the front,

�This package is from your grandfather on your father�s side.�

This text is sketched in a methodically even font such that my father uses, coming from

his background in mathematics and astronautical engineering. (Ever painstakingly written out

10 pages of numbers to show work for one math problem? You gotta have legible text, my friends.)

??

I open the small cardboard cube-shaped box, which measures approximately 6 inches on all

sides.

box

What Is In The Box?

I peer into the dark recesses of the box. I squint my eyes, seemingly attempting to

create something out of nothing. There is nothing inside! But I am transfixed. I lean

my body forward and crane my neck for a better view. I look deeper and deeper still.

dreamreading

The darkness of the hole inside seems much more expansive that a box with 6 cubed inches

of space. It seems to envelop me and has my full attention.

Awakening

Suddenly, my eyes flew open and focused on the ceiling of my bed room. I lifted my head

up to look out the window of my room, assessing the time of day.

�Whoah.�

An expression of wonderment escaped my lips as I watched the lazy puffs of white billow

off the mountain and over the forest that flourished around my home, filling my windows

with the sight of fresh greenery and mist.

My mind was sharper than it had been in a while, and I was filled with a deep sense

of gratitude and comfort.

The Download

Suddenly and without warning, my mind was flooded with insights. I was taken off-guard

as I lay back down on the pillow, letting the information fill the database of my brain.

woman rose

Pictures, images, phrases, words, connections, a web of meaning expanding, data points connecting

to other data points, the cosmic web, answers, questions, more answers.

It was like I was being given answers to questions that I didn�t know I had yet.

And everything was opening up around me as though the understanding of my efforts had

expanded into a thousand fractals of purpose.

I saw the magnitude and potential impact of my soul purpose on this planet.

Analysis

I started to realize that the scope of what I am doing has the potential to expand in

incredibly exciting and rewarding ways. Something that is available to me in this lifetime is

the gift of organization. Being able to see where connections can be made and people can

be involved comes naturally and I�ve been doing this my whole life, even from a young

age. I feel a deep dedication to encouraging involvement from souls looking to become a

part of something that activates them on a soul level and makes them feel energized.

Nurturing an environment of participation is in my DNA. It�s a responsibility that

I�ve been given in this lifetime, and has possibly been nurtured within me for many

lifetimes of soul development. The next step for me is integration. There is so much information

in this world that is ready to be integrated in new ways.

The Full Moon

It is very interesting that this message was presented to me on the day of the full moon.

�A push toward prosperity AND integrity arrives on Tuesday, May 29, 2018, at 10:19AM

EST, as the outspoken Sagittarius full moon widens our viewfinders, giving the whole world

a dose of optimism and a taste of truth serum.�

�Astrostyle

What I find fascinating about today�s full �Flower Moon,� is that it enhances energies

within us to stand up and act upon our deepest impulses and connect to our higher path. I

found a message related to today�s full moon that specifically encourages us to heed

the messages of our more enlightened and wise predecessors.

�It is important to listen to the wise words of elders, respect your traditions and learn

from history.�

�Sebastian Kettley

Annie Heese, Astrologer, grounds in the message for us.

�The Full Moon is a time of culmination and the promise of fulfillment of that which

was started at the New Moon approximately two weeks ago. It is an emotional time�a

time of romance, fertilization, and relationships.�

�Annie Heese

An amazing synchronicity lies within this statement, connecting me back to the energies

inherent within the New Moon from two weeks ago. The day before the new moon on May 14th,

I published an article which disclosed the deeper connections that could be made in relation

to my dream account published May 2nd, �I Was Invited to The Inner Earth.� Over the

last couple of weeks especially, I have been connecting with a much wider audience of souls

looking to get involved, to stand up, and to share their gifts, talents, and stories.

I was called and have been working to heed that calling.

Today�s confirmation coalesced into a deep understanding of the co-creative forces that

are expanding on this planet as we speak. We are being supported and encouraged to come

together and organize to create something truly magnificent.

Pieces of the Puzzle

puzzle-1

The most important part of the download allowed me to access a vision of the future. I saw

each of us stepping into our missions. Each of us has a piece of the gigantic cosmic puzzle.

All over the world, right now, people are being activated.

You are the Initiate.

Your mission is so incredibly important it�s not even funny.

It�s time to take your mission seriously and step into your personal power. What does

that mean? It means that current galactic and cosmic energies are supporting you so

strongly that you have the power to manifest your dreams in high-impactful ways like never

before.

It�s literally like magic is pouring through this realm all around us and we can readily

access this power at any time.

We are coming together, amassing together like never before.

This is world-wide, y�all.

No longer are we residing in the Age of Information. That�s past. We are in the Age of Disclosure.

Disclosure is the uncovering of what lies hidden. What lies hidden in your soul? This

experience on this planet is a gift for you to realize your soul potential. And you have

so much support that the magnitude of that truth truly makes me want to cry sometimes.

I am supporting you from the bottom of my heart. Step into your power and become your

greatest version. It�s there within you. All you have to do it reach inside and take

it.

My Grandfather

Why did this download of important information occur directly following me opening up a box

addressed to me from my grandfather?

Was my grandfather reaching out to me from the place where the souls go after leaving

this realm of existence? Was he trying to share a message with me that I am on the right

path, and to give me insights to help me expand my own soul potential for the benefit of the

collective?

old_man_sunset_by_thelifeinfocus-d5f5g8t

What a comforting thought to know that our ancestral lineage and soul brothers and sisters

reach out to us and support us from beyond the third dimension. Have you ever been contacted

and passed information from a deceased loved one? Come join the conversation by joining

my social media group:

Divine Frequency Community

Conclusion

From a space of vulnerability, I will say that I was passed very specific information

related to my soul mission. I am not sure that this is the time to disclose all of it

in its entirety, but I need you to know this. I have been gifted with some very clear messages

of how I must proceed with my personal projects. I know that this will involve further expansion

and collaboration with other like-minded souls. I want you to know that you are not alone.

I have been connecting to my soul family and those meant to be closely working on this

mission with me more and more over the past year. If you are waking up to your mission,

it can feel overwhelming and you might feel alone. But I promise that the more you step

into your mission, you will start to find the souls that are also aligned with your

mission. I believe that each of us has a soul group that we incarnated with that is here

for us to work with. We are not here to have a separate experience, alone, cast out from

others. We are here to discover and understand our Oneness. We are all finite manifestations

of the infinite. We are all a part of the One Creator, and the field of infinite possibility

flows in and around us at every moment.

Access your bliss, and follow it.

See you there.

�All Around Us Are Pieces of the Gigantic Cosmic Puzzle. Let�s Attune to its Frequency.�

�Teresa Yanaros

For more infomation >> I Downloaded A Vision of The Future From a Deceased Relative - Duration: 3:33.

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ACELERAÇÃO DAS MUDANÇAS do DNA e os PRÓXIMOS 1O ANOS - Duration: 14:23.

For more infomation >> ACELERAÇÃO DAS MUDANÇAS do DNA e os PRÓXIMOS 1O ANOS - Duration: 14:23.

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Turkish Airlines: Love Is The Greatest Journey - Duration: 0:16.

For more infomation >> Turkish Airlines: Love Is The Greatest Journey - Duration: 0:16.

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[3.3] !! WARNUNG !! Skill Gems generft - PoE Incursion [german] - Duration: 1:09.

For more infomation >> [3.3] !! WARNUNG !! Skill Gems generft - PoE Incursion [german] - Duration: 1:09.

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English Pronunciation Lesson | -TION suffix - Duration: 7:34.

Hello I'm Emma from mmmEnglish!

I've got a pronunciation lesson for you today,

one that I think you'll find incredibly useful.

I'm going to give you some tips

that will help you to pronounce

thousands of English words.

Words that end in -tion.

Now I bet that you're already thinking of some examples

of English words that end in -tion, aren't you?

There are so many!

This part of the word is a suffix,

a common ending in an English word.

Now words that end like this in English

are almost always a noun.

And the pronunciation of this syllable

is always unstressed.

It's always an unstressed syllable

which means it's really quick.

Yeah, -tion is pronounced

If it was written like it's supposed to sound

it would be like this..

Well phonetically it's

ʃ

ə

n

These are the phonetic symbols, the sounds,

not the letters.

ʃ - an unvoiced consonant sound.

ə - the unstressed vowel sound, the schwa.

And n - a voiced consonant sound.

Now bring all of those sounds together and you get

-tion.

It's really, really fast.

In fact, often the schwa sound

is absorbed into the consonant sounds.

Because it's unstressed, we hardly hear it at all.

So if you see it in a dictionary written like this,

it means that the sound is absorbed

into the consonant sounds around it.

Now these words are a special bonus for

Spanish and Portuguese, Italian and French

and German and Dutch native speakers

because there are patterns between

words in your language and words in English

which means you instantly know the meaning

of thousands of English words.

The pronunciation rules that you learn in this lesson

will help you to correctly pronounce

all of these words in English.

Okay let's build up

with some extra syllables to practise using this suffix

within some bigger words.

Okay? Practise out loud with me.

Caution.

Tradition.

Frustration.

Conversation.

Now there are a couple of exceptions

to this pronunciation rule.

Just a couple, so don't worry!

When the consonant sound

is the sound right before the -tion,

the pronunciation becomes /tʃən/ instead of

instead of

Question.

Exhaustion.

Digestion.

One of the wonderful patterns that exists in English

is that you can attach -tion to the end of many verbs

to create a noun.

It creates the noun that is the action of the verb.

I mean take a look at how many there are,

and these are just a few!

In an earlier lesson, I talked about

the importance of word stress in spoken English.

Using the correct word stress will help you

to sound much more natural when you speak English.

Like I said, the -tion suffix is always unstressed.

So which syllable should you stress?

It's actually simple, it's the syllable before -tion.

The stress pattern

is consistent throughout English pronunciation.

The syllable before -tion is the stressed syllable.

Action.

Caution.

Tradition.

Frustration.

Connection.

Donation.

Repetition.

Inspiration.

Construction.

Invention.

Infection.

Description.

Collection.

Interruption.

Population.

Celebration.

Innovation.

Transformation.

It's consistent across all syllables.

-tion doesn't have to be the final suffix either,

it can followed by -al or -ally.

Traditional. Traditionally.

International.

Internationally.

But the stress pattern is exactly the same - even now!

The stress syllable is the one before -tion

International.

Traditionally.

Well that's it for this lesson!

I hope that this little pronunciation tip

showed you just how easy it is to start practising

the correct pronunciation of all of these words.

Remember that there are thousands of them in English.

Make sure you subscribe and check out

some of my other pronunciation lessons right here.

Thanks for watching today and I'll see you next week.

Bye for now!

For more infomation >> English Pronunciation Lesson | -TION suffix - Duration: 7:34.

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OS 11 ESTÁGIOS DO DESPERTAR - Duration: 10:14.

For more infomation >> OS 11 ESTÁGIOS DO DESPERTAR - Duration: 10:14.

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President Trump's new tariffs ignite trade war fears - Duration: 2:22.

For more infomation >> President Trump's new tariffs ignite trade war fears - Duration: 2:22.

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Миллионы кошек на русском языке | Ванда Гаг | Классическая американская сказка - Duration: 6:16.

For more infomation >> Миллионы кошек на русском языке | Ванда Гаг | Классическая американская сказка - Duration: 6:16.

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Brother Vs. Brother - Adding Color to Your Home - HGTV - Duration: 1:38.

For more infomation >> Brother Vs. Brother - Adding Color to Your Home - HGTV - Duration: 1:38.

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Stormy Daniels In Serious Trouble After Her Own Lawyer Betrays Her - Duration: 2:43.

Stormy Daniels In Serious Trouble After Her Own Lawyer Betrays Her.

The media circus surrounding adult film star Stormy Daniels shows, just how far our country's

journalists have fallen.

The hate-filled liberal media is consumed with taking the President down, even if it

means reporting lies instead of facts, and gossip instead of truth.

Now that the Russia collusion story isn't panning out, the media have inexplicably placed

all of their hopes on a porn star's shaky tale of a decade old affair.

Her lawyer, Michael Avenatti, has gotten billions of dollars worth of airtime on mainstream

media, obviously taking advantage of the situation.

He clearly craves the spotlight just as much as Daniels does, and now it is turning into

their downfall and Trump's victory.

Those endless interviews are costing Avenatti his claim to fame, and are costing Daniels

her attorney.

From The Hill:

Michael Avenatti has withdrawn his request to represent adult-film star Stormy Daniels

in the case centered, on the FBI raid of President Trump's attorney Michael Cohen.

Shortly after a conference hearing Wednesday in a federal district court in Manhattan,

Avenatti withdrew his request to weigh in on the case.

Avenatti reportedly faced tough questions during the hearing from federal District Judge

Kimba Wood, who told him in court on Wednesday he would have to stop his "publicity tour"

if he wanted to participate in the case.

Judge Wood cited a particularly damning moment in one of Avenatti's many interviews.

The New York lawyer illegally released alleged financial records of Michael Cohen's, on

national television and implied that Cohen was somehow receiving payments through inactive

companies.

"You cannot declare your opinion as to Mr. Cohen's guilt, which you did.

You would not be able to give publicity to documents.

You're entitled to publicity.

I can't stop you unless you're participating in a matter before me.," Judge Wood stated.

Just last week, we questioned Avenatti's credibility after it was uncovered that his

firm was hit with a $10 million injunction, from Bankruptcy Court over its failure to

pay a lawyer for his services.

It seems this was the beginning of the end for the ill-fated attorney.

But now that Avenatti's off the case, he can devote all of his energy to getting on

television, which is what he really wanted all along.

What do you think about this?

Please share this news and scroll down to Comment below and don't forget to subscribe

top stories today.

For more infomation >> Stormy Daniels In Serious Trouble After Her Own Lawyer Betrays Her - Duration: 2:43.

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I, Tonya • It's All On Hulu - Duration: 0:32.

I was the best figure skater in the world.

[MUSIC PLAYING]

Could I just interrupt with a quick word

about Nancy Kerrigan?

It'll just take a sec.

I never apologized for growing up poor or being a redneck.

We need to see a wholesome, American family,

and you just refuse to play along.

Oh, please.

Show me a family that doesn't have ups and downs.

Suck my--

For more infomation >> I, Tonya • It's All On Hulu - Duration: 0:32.

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Lego Construction Mining Vehicles - Duration: 6:58.

Lego Construction Mining Vehicles

For more infomation >> Lego Construction Mining Vehicles - Duration: 6:58.

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Truco para tapar los orificios de las tablas de palet | Bricoydeco - Duration: 4:10.

For more infomation >> Truco para tapar los orificios de las tablas de palet | Bricoydeco - Duration: 4:10.

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Turkish Airlines: Love Is The Greatest Journey - Duration: 0:16.

For more infomation >> Turkish Airlines: Love Is The Greatest Journey - Duration: 0:16.

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باشا فلوقز | تضاربنا في الصين ! - Duration: 12:42.

Subscribe & Like for all new contents

we are still far away

will do some of these moves, then we will kick in

Why!

Why?

my feet hurts so bad, dear god help

they were flipping and doing many moves

you guys are snoring as well, perfect

let me have some space here

so comfortable isn't? damn it

Move your legs man

let me sleep mate

Aez

are you asleep?

I beg you Ibrahim, i have no money at all

I told you give me my money back

For more infomation >> باشا فلوقز | تضاربنا في الصين ! - Duration: 12:42.

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Irish VS Scottish: Sexiest Accent - Duration: 6:36.

I don't know what that means, but I like it

Tell me - what do you know about Ireland?

They really enjoy their whisky

I know about Connon McGregor who is the biggest badass of all time

They drink a lot. That's what I heard about that

I think of the movie Brave but that's really it. I think that's Scottish

Dunsmore my last name is Scottish. That is all I know.

And Scotland?

They also enjoy their whisky

Yeah, the skirt. I'm thinking about that when I'm thinking about Scottish people.

Pick up lines with accents? Exciting.

I have a cold hand. I'm sorry.

Heart's fluttering. Is it?

Very much so.

This could be our first date

Do you moisturize?

Flour?

Straight to the poop jokes.

A lot of people have red hair.

So are you a red-head?

yes

I'm a stereotypical Scottish.

I wanna say this is Scottish.

What gave it away? The disgusting joke?

My name is Marieann. It's a French name.

Yeah. I know

I like Celtic music sometimes.

I would pay a hundred dollars for that

You don't need to pay. My visa doesn't let me do that.

Maybe we should speak French. What do you think about that?

I wouldn't mind having a little French in me tonight.

It's a double entendre

So like - gay lick. And then Gaelic like the language

Isn't that where Ewan McGregor is from?

No, he's from Scotland, love.

I can feel it in your accent. You're from Ireland. Definitely.

We should go to an Irish pub one day

I do maybe.

I guess you're from Scotland. I don't know why

That was my pick up line

I like it though.

It was clever though?

It wasn't quite the wittiest I was expecting but you got straight to the point

I move fast

You must be tired because you have been running through my mind all day

I'm not athletic. I can't run through shit.

I might be sitting in your mind.

And we have a lot of beautiful buildings. But not beautiful people.

Scottish are not very romantic people

Most Scottish words are mouthfuls

You would be a mouthful

What is your idea of romance?

A bottle of cheap cider. We refer to them as leg openers

You smell nice. You walked up and sat down. I'm like - ooh

I actually showered today

I understand that crack

not that craic

If you don't go out much, you can come over to my place and we can show each other our Lucky Charms

Give me your Instagram so we can chat and we can see

I'm a French boy, you know?

And I'm a European girl.

I grew up in Westmeath which is the very center

If you know Niall from One Direction

You've got kind of a Louis Armstrong thing going on

You seem to be a nice person. You've got a lovely voice

I'm down for that.

Can you guess where I'm from then?

I guess you're from Irish

What's your name?

My name is Max

Tell me more

It's all I've got, really

I'm just a one and done type of person

Oh damn. Your accent is so hard to understand

Does this count as my first date? I've never been on a date

I've been single for 22 years

I've never been on a date, so what the heck?

Never been on a date, never hooked up with anyone, never had a first kiss

I'm just basically single as f*ck

I'll be your first kiss!

It's okay. I've been single my entire life too. Don't worry!

High five! It's gonna work out so well

You know you have to choose now

what?

What was your pick?

Boyfriend material guy?

I think I like the Irish just a little bit better

It was smooth, it flowed.. it was pleasant to listen to

Scottish cause there is that chicken filet

Wait. Irish!

Oh definitely Irish

I love Irish people, I like them, I want to meet them

I find that Scottish is more soothing to listen to so I'm gonna go with.. Scottish!

For more infomation >> Irish VS Scottish: Sexiest Accent - Duration: 6:36.

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Mechanical Engineering: Crash Course Engineering #3 - Duration: 9:39.

Mechanical engineers have changed the world.

You could even say: the course of history.

Not just once but countless times.

Because they've identified problems that were holding humanity back, and they solved them.

Things were too big and heavy to move. Travel was too difficult.

Distances too far. Our bodies were too weak.

If you can think of an invention that revolutionized the way people live, odds are it was created by mechanical engineers.

And I don't think I'm being biased.

Theirs is the field of engineering that focuses on the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of machines and mechanical systems – pretty much anything that moves.

And since the beginning, mechanical engineering has faced a great many challenges, and solved a lot of problems.

The examples are too many to count, but consider things like the steam engine, airplanes, robots, and biomechanical suits.

The engineers behind all of these devices were able to find solutions to big problems.

And of course, they faced difficulties along the way.

But great efforts almost always do.

[Theme Music]

Back in the day, if you wanted to get somewhere, you would have had two options: your own two feet or a horse.

And if you wanted to take a heavy load with you, you needed a carriage. Wheels.

The invention of the wheel is one of the oldest roots of mechanical engineering, along with all of the simple tools that went into building the carriage itself.

If we include the simple levers that were used to open gates and bring down bridges, we'd have a great, but primitive, base of early mechanical engineering.

But horse-drawn carriages aren't very fast.

A horse needs rest and food, so it would be generous to say you could cover 80 kilometers a day.

This gave the engineers of the past a problem.

As the world opened up, it became more important to cover distances in less time, and horses just weren't cutting it.

They needed something faster.

They needed an engine.

Making its first appearance in the early 18th century, the steam engine marked a major turning point in the development of modern mechanical engineering.

It was proposed that a steam engine could do the work of ten, fifteen, or even twenty horses!

And you wouldn't need to bother with any hay...or manure.

This brings us to Thomas Newcomen, the British inventor who developed the first successful steam engine with a piston in 1712.

In his design, atmospheric pressure pushed the piston down, after the condensation of steam had created a vacuum in the cylinder.

Its original use was to draw water out of the Cornish tin mines, after Newcomen found how expensive it was to use horses to pump the water.

Then along came the Scottish inventor James Watt.

In 1763, while repairing one of Newcomen's engines,

Watt realized that about three quarters of the energy from the steam was going to waste, used only to heat the chamber of the engine.

His solution was to have a separate condenser.

The steam would then be condensed in a chamber separate from the piston chamber, so that the condensed steam didn't go to waste.

Keeping the two processes separate allowed for continued rotary motion, which was really important,

because it allowed for a more consistent source of power.

Watt's invention came to be widely used to run machines in the factories that drove the Industrial Revolution.

Watt went on to be the first engineer to be commemorated in Westminster Abbey, with a large, white marble statue erected in his memory.

He also had his last name recognized as a unit of power, which is perhaps one of the highest honors that an engineer can get.

But steam engines really came into their own, especially in the realm of transportation, in the locomotives of the 19th century.

George and Robert Stephenson, an English father-son duo, are famous for their early steam locomotive, which they called, aptly enough, "Locomotion."

In 1825, it became the first public passenger train, carrying 450 people at 24 kilometers per hour.

Quite a bit faster than a horse!

But while wheeled vehicles allowed people to travel more quickly on land, transportation was still limited by bodies of water and rough, mountainous terrain.

If engineers could figure out a way to get people to fly, all of that could be avoided!

This problem-solving led to the invention of aircraft.

The first powered aircraft to take flight was the Wright Flyer in 1903, which was designed by Wilbur and Orville Wright and used a 12-horsepower gas engine.

Orville flew the Wright Flyer on its maiden voyage, traveling 36 meters in 12 seconds.

But the best flight of the day belonged to Wilbur, who traveled over 255 meters in 59 seconds,

or a speed of about 15 kilometers an hour, earning him some serious bragging rights.

Soon after the Wright brothers' accomplishment, World War I sparked a burst of aircraft innovation.

Engineers began using metal in the structures of the airplanes, and better engines, allowing them to reach higher speeds and altitudes.

Then, in 1930, Sir Frank Whittle obtained his first patent for a turbo-jet engine.

But it wasn't until the outbreak of World War II that the British government had a compelling reason to support his work.

By 1941, Whittle's engine featured a multistage compressor, a combustion chamber, a single turbine, and a nozzle –

which was a big improvement, since previous engine designs only had an internal-combustion engine and a propeller.

Jet engines outperformed the older designs, flying farther, faster, and cheaper too.

These advances ultimately made commercial air travel possible, and soon people were traveling where once only the birds had ruled.

But mechanical engineering doesn't stop in the air!

Beyond planes, we've sent satellites into orbit, astronauts to the moon, and spacecraft carrying rovers all the way to Mars.

The aerospace side of engineering actually arose from the mechanical field.

And much of what has allowed us to build these machines that move us is another big part of the mechanical engineering field: robotics.

For most of industrial history, humans have been at the center of our workforce.

But humans have their limits.

Some things are too big and too awkward to move, while other processes needed a finer precision than the human hand allows.

Industrial environments are also often uncomfortable and sometimes even dangerous.

And that's where robots and automation come in.

The first industrial robot, called Unimate, appeared around 1960.

It was designed by American inventor George Devol, Jr., who worked with engineer and entrepreneur Joseph Engelberger to get it into factories.

Unimate robots had up to six fully programmable axes of motion and could handle parts weighing up to around 225 kilograms at high speeds.

They soon joined the assembly line at a General Motors plant, where they took die castings from machines and welded them onto auto bodies.

Since then, robots have gone beyond manufacturing, showing up in our homes to clean the floors, and even hospitals to perform surgeries.

But as their applications get more advanced, engineers have more and more factors to consider.

They need to worry about how well robots sense their surroundings, how they move and manipulate their environments, and much more.

It's possible one day that we'll have robots in many of the places you could imagine a human working.

I mean, we're seeing that now.

And speaking of humans, you can think of the human body as just a super complex mechanical system of its own, made of links and connecting joints.

And this is where biomechanics comes in.

Engineers need to take into account the stress, load, and impact that our bodies can withstand, and apply it to machines that are modeled on us.

Advanced biomechanics is one of the newest divisions of mechanical engineering.

From it, we're already seeing the beginnings of exoskeleton-suits, limbs that move like their biological counterparts, and other robotic implants.

One of the more impressive projects is the Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton.

Funded by the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency in 2000,

this device is designed to provide mechanical support to allow nearly anyone to carry larger, heavier loads than they could ever lift on their own.

The ability to carry heavy loads is often a problem for soldiers and disaster relief workers, so finding a solution to this is pretty important.

But the problems are many.

For one thing, power sources for exo-suits are often too heavy or cumbersome.

But the BLEEX, as it's called, overcomes this by using a small hybrid power source

that delivers hydraulic power for the suit's locomotion and electrical power for its computer.

The first prototype was recently introduced, consisting of two powered, anthropomorphic legs, a power unit, and a backpack-like frame.

Using the frame, a person can carry a heavy load, but only have it feel like a few pounds.

In similar fashion, Berkeley is also behind the Austin project, which aims to develop exoskeleton systems for people with mobility disorders.

So it's almost as if we've gone full circle, from the inventors who developed the first steam engine to replace the horse,

to the biomechanical engineers who are using robotics to simulate the most basic means of transportation: walking.

Those are some of the very big problems that mechanical engineers have managed to solve.

And when it comes to the problems that we still face today – from driving in traffic to getting food and water to remote areas –

you can bet that mechanical engineers will be there to tackle them.

So today we learned all about many different areas of mechanical engineering, beginning with the steam engine.

We then moved on to aircraft and the work behind them.

And we finished by going into the more modern areas of robotics and biomechanics.

In the next episode we'll explore electrical engineering, its history, and the work that electrical engineers do.

Thanks for watching and I'll see you then.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.

You can head over to their channel to check out a playlist of their latest amazing shows,

like PBS Space Time, Above the Noise, and Physics Girl.

Crash Course is a Complexly production and this episode of was filmed in the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Studio with the help of these wonderful people.

And our amazing graphics team is Thought Cafe.