All right, rebetiko etymologically derives from the « reverie/muse », from the « reckless »…
At the source of rebetiko!
What rebetiko is? Mmmm ... Personally?
Every time we sing rebetiko, we listen to rebetiko songs,
my mind time-travels back to childhood memories,
time-travels in the 80's decade as we were growing up with the «MINORE TIS AVGIS»,
and we use to take our mother's ladles from the kitchen to pretend playing bouzouki and baglama.
It entails the merrymaking,
it includes politics too,
the acquaintances, the entire life spectrum can revolve around rebetiko.
Cha, Renaud, Nicolas, used to play swing,
gypsy
and now that learned to play rebetiko we won them for the rebetiko,
they enjoy to discover something else and be expressed thought it,
but they are "foreigners", they live here,
they have embraced rebetiko,
and thus the genre evolves, and that's life.
It is what we are,
it is what we live every day,
and this entire ordeal we need to go through every day in order to live.
To be paterfamilias,
magkas (tough guy),
to resist within the society, to scrape out a living.
Thus, rebetiko has begun –and now begins– to spread everywhere,
its dynamic –as I said before– is enormous
and you have seen nothing yet!
For more infomation >> Rebetiko Odyssey Trailer - Duration: 3:34.-------------------------------------------
Our Responsibility in the Anthropocene - Duration: 3:46.
- We are at a point, where we're starting
to hit the ceiling of the capacity of the planet
to support humanity in a stable way.
Unfortunately, we've filled up so much of the atmosphere
with greenhouse gases, we have emptied
so much of the oceans, of overfishing, we have destroyed
so much of our ecosystems,
that we now have scientific evidence, that we need
to transform ourselves back into safe operating space
on Earth within one generation.
- The Holocene is called "The Long Summer",
and the very stable climate has been the conditions
for the rise of civilizations as a whole.
But now, we are leaving this matrix,
and so we are now with this epoch,
which we call "The Anthropocene",
and this is just the result of
all those cumulative human activities,
that are creating this big problem we're in.
- One thing that I find very challenging
in thinking about planetary stewardship
and sustainability is: How we can recognise
the problems that exist at scale?
And at the same time,
can't make the small changes in our own lives
to correct for bad patterns that are happening.
- What I really need, and I think most of us need,
is we need those stories that tell us the bridge,
from where we are today, to where we want to go.
And we need those stories told to us over and over and over,
so that we can make sense of them for ourselves,
and find the way to the future in solving climate change.
- The healing of the planet, the healing of our societies,
the healing of communities, and personal healing,
inner healing, all of these levels are connected,
and they all draw from a new story.
- You know that really reverberates with Maori people
in terms of 'Te Pae Tawhiti' the distant horizon.
We have an intergenerational plan... 500 years.
Looking out further than our lifetimes
and thinking about the types of steps
that each generation will need to take
in order to ultimately achieve the outcome
that we aspire to have for our community.
- What we really need to see is that people understand
that all of our economic value comes from nature.
It's as simple really as: No healthy planet means
that there's no healthy people.
- There has never been scientifically so much reason
to be deeply, deeply concerned and nervous.
But equally there's never been
so much reason for hope. And this is the big paradox today.
The window is still open
for transitioning into a safe operating space
where we can still have a stable planet,
and there by stable local ecosystems.
- We are here continuing
to have one ecological crisis after another.
Trapped in a futile response pattern.
What it's asking for is a revolution of love.
It's asking us to transcend being centred just on humans.
To accept our participation in a larger reality.
The climate crisis is an invitation to us,
to join the tribe
of all life on Earth as a contributing member.
-------------------------------------------
I Downloaded A Vision of The Future From a Deceased Relative - Duration: 3:33.
I Downloaded A Vision of The Future From a Deceased Relative
by Teresa Yanaros,
Last night I had an incredible dream after which I was mentally downloaded with a package
of information related to my soul path. I�ve been reeling all day, completely energized
and activated by the event.
The Dream
I am standing in a room with pieces of paper tacked messily over the far wall of the enclosure.
As I make my way over to the display, I begin to notice messages written all over the pieces
of paper.
heart wall.jpg
Various people from my life have written me encouraging notes, filled with wisdom and
positive insights related to my life�s work and what I am doing.
What Am I Doing?
For those of you who don�t know, I am a researcher and an author currently in the
process of writing my second book, �Key of the Initiate.� My first book, �What
is Magic?� is about my awakening, and this second book begins to tell the story of what
happened directly following completion of the first novel. It tells of my trip down
the rabbit hole, of experiences with channeled packages of dense information related to soul
technology and contact with extraterrestrials. I�ve been working with a team of artists
to recreate impactful scenes from the last few years of my life. It�s been an amazing
journey, and I am honored and humbled to be working with incredibly talented souls in
the conscious community to bring this narrative to life.
This isn�t the only project I am currently working on, either. I am also working with
prolific artists and musicians to create a collaborative showcase of all the amazing
talents we have pouring out of souls in our community.
Divine Frequency Art and Music Project
This project will feature uplifting messages disseminated through art and musical pieces,
in alignment with the mission statement of Divine Frequency, which is to spread a message
of personal empowerment and sovereignty to the world, so we can rise up and fully step
into and actualize our co-creative potential.
In the dream, I was receiving a big message of, �keep going, we are rooting for you!�
from many people who are affected positively by my work, my efforts to boost the reach
of conscious creators all over the world, and my undertaking of providing an outlet
for creators to expand their growth and potential.
What Happens Next?
After pouring over all of the inspirational messages on the wall, I am promptly handed
a package that reads on the front,
�This package is from your grandfather on your father�s side.�
This text is sketched in a methodically even font such that my father uses, coming from
his background in mathematics and astronautical engineering. (Ever painstakingly written out
10 pages of numbers to show work for one math problem? You gotta have legible text, my friends.)
??
I open the small cardboard cube-shaped box, which measures approximately 6 inches on all
sides.
box
What Is In The Box?
I peer into the dark recesses of the box. I squint my eyes, seemingly attempting to
create something out of nothing. There is nothing inside! But I am transfixed. I lean
my body forward and crane my neck for a better view. I look deeper and deeper still.
dreamreading
The darkness of the hole inside seems much more expansive that a box with 6 cubed inches
of space. It seems to envelop me and has my full attention.
Awakening
Suddenly, my eyes flew open and focused on the ceiling of my bed room. I lifted my head
up to look out the window of my room, assessing the time of day.
�Whoah.�
An expression of wonderment escaped my lips as I watched the lazy puffs of white billow
off the mountain and over the forest that flourished around my home, filling my windows
with the sight of fresh greenery and mist.
My mind was sharper than it had been in a while, and I was filled with a deep sense
of gratitude and comfort.
The Download
Suddenly and without warning, my mind was flooded with insights. I was taken off-guard
as I lay back down on the pillow, letting the information fill the database of my brain.
woman rose
Pictures, images, phrases, words, connections, a web of meaning expanding, data points connecting
to other data points, the cosmic web, answers, questions, more answers.
It was like I was being given answers to questions that I didn�t know I had yet.
And everything was opening up around me as though the understanding of my efforts had
expanded into a thousand fractals of purpose.
I saw the magnitude and potential impact of my soul purpose on this planet.
Analysis
I started to realize that the scope of what I am doing has the potential to expand in
incredibly exciting and rewarding ways. Something that is available to me in this lifetime is
the gift of organization. Being able to see where connections can be made and people can
be involved comes naturally and I�ve been doing this my whole life, even from a young
age. I feel a deep dedication to encouraging involvement from souls looking to become a
part of something that activates them on a soul level and makes them feel energized.
Nurturing an environment of participation is in my DNA. It�s a responsibility that
I�ve been given in this lifetime, and has possibly been nurtured within me for many
lifetimes of soul development. The next step for me is integration. There is so much information
in this world that is ready to be integrated in new ways.
The Full Moon
It is very interesting that this message was presented to me on the day of the full moon.
�A push toward prosperity AND integrity arrives on Tuesday, May 29, 2018, at 10:19AM
EST, as the outspoken Sagittarius full moon widens our viewfinders, giving the whole world
a dose of optimism and a taste of truth serum.�
�Astrostyle
What I find fascinating about today�s full �Flower Moon,� is that it enhances energies
within us to stand up and act upon our deepest impulses and connect to our higher path. I
found a message related to today�s full moon that specifically encourages us to heed
the messages of our more enlightened and wise predecessors.
�It is important to listen to the wise words of elders, respect your traditions and learn
from history.�
�Sebastian Kettley
Annie Heese, Astrologer, grounds in the message for us.
�The Full Moon is a time of culmination and the promise of fulfillment of that which
was started at the New Moon approximately two weeks ago. It is an emotional time�a
time of romance, fertilization, and relationships.�
�Annie Heese
An amazing synchronicity lies within this statement, connecting me back to the energies
inherent within the New Moon from two weeks ago. The day before the new moon on May 14th,
I published an article which disclosed the deeper connections that could be made in relation
to my dream account published May 2nd, �I Was Invited to The Inner Earth.� Over the
last couple of weeks especially, I have been connecting with a much wider audience of souls
looking to get involved, to stand up, and to share their gifts, talents, and stories.
I was called and have been working to heed that calling.
Today�s confirmation coalesced into a deep understanding of the co-creative forces that
are expanding on this planet as we speak. We are being supported and encouraged to come
together and organize to create something truly magnificent.
Pieces of the Puzzle
puzzle-1
The most important part of the download allowed me to access a vision of the future. I saw
each of us stepping into our missions. Each of us has a piece of the gigantic cosmic puzzle.
All over the world, right now, people are being activated.
You are the Initiate.
Your mission is so incredibly important it�s not even funny.
It�s time to take your mission seriously and step into your personal power. What does
that mean? It means that current galactic and cosmic energies are supporting you so
strongly that you have the power to manifest your dreams in high-impactful ways like never
before.
It�s literally like magic is pouring through this realm all around us and we can readily
access this power at any time.
We are coming together, amassing together like never before.
This is world-wide, y�all.
No longer are we residing in the Age of Information. That�s past. We are in the Age of Disclosure.
Disclosure is the uncovering of what lies hidden. What lies hidden in your soul? This
experience on this planet is a gift for you to realize your soul potential. And you have
so much support that the magnitude of that truth truly makes me want to cry sometimes.
I am supporting you from the bottom of my heart. Step into your power and become your
greatest version. It�s there within you. All you have to do it reach inside and take
it.
My Grandfather
Why did this download of important information occur directly following me opening up a box
addressed to me from my grandfather?
Was my grandfather reaching out to me from the place where the souls go after leaving
this realm of existence? Was he trying to share a message with me that I am on the right
path, and to give me insights to help me expand my own soul potential for the benefit of the
collective?
old_man_sunset_by_thelifeinfocus-d5f5g8t
What a comforting thought to know that our ancestral lineage and soul brothers and sisters
reach out to us and support us from beyond the third dimension. Have you ever been contacted
and passed information from a deceased loved one? Come join the conversation by joining
my social media group:
Divine Frequency Community
Conclusion
From a space of vulnerability, I will say that I was passed very specific information
related to my soul mission. I am not sure that this is the time to disclose all of it
in its entirety, but I need you to know this. I have been gifted with some very clear messages
of how I must proceed with my personal projects. I know that this will involve further expansion
and collaboration with other like-minded souls. I want you to know that you are not alone.
I have been connecting to my soul family and those meant to be closely working on this
mission with me more and more over the past year. If you are waking up to your mission,
it can feel overwhelming and you might feel alone. But I promise that the more you step
into your mission, you will start to find the souls that are also aligned with your
mission. I believe that each of us has a soul group that we incarnated with that is here
for us to work with. We are not here to have a separate experience, alone, cast out from
others. We are here to discover and understand our Oneness. We are all finite manifestations
of the infinite. We are all a part of the One Creator, and the field of infinite possibility
flows in and around us at every moment.
Access your bliss, and follow it.
See you there.
�All Around Us Are Pieces of the Gigantic Cosmic Puzzle. Let�s Attune to its Frequency.�
�Teresa Yanaros
-------------------------------------------
ACELERAÇÃO DAS MUDANÇAS do DNA e os PRÓXIMOS 1O ANOS - Duration: 14:23.
For more infomation >> ACELERAÇÃO DAS MUDANÇAS do DNA e os PRÓXIMOS 1O ANOS - Duration: 14:23. -------------------------------------------
Turkish Airlines: Love Is The Greatest Journey - Duration: 0:16.
For more infomation >> Turkish Airlines: Love Is The Greatest Journey - Duration: 0:16. -------------------------------------------
[3.3] !! WARNUNG !! Skill Gems generft - PoE Incursion [german] - Duration: 1:09.
For more infomation >> [3.3] !! WARNUNG !! Skill Gems generft - PoE Incursion [german] - Duration: 1:09. -------------------------------------------
English Pronunciation Lesson | -TION suffix - Duration: 7:34.
Hello I'm Emma from mmmEnglish!
I've got a pronunciation lesson for you today,
one that I think you'll find incredibly useful.
I'm going to give you some tips
that will help you to pronounce
thousands of English words.
Words that end in -tion.
Now I bet that you're already thinking of some examples
of English words that end in -tion, aren't you?
There are so many!
This part of the word is a suffix,
a common ending in an English word.
Now words that end like this in English
are almost always a noun.
And the pronunciation of this syllable
is always unstressed.
It's always an unstressed syllable
which means it's really quick.
Yeah, -tion is pronounced
If it was written like it's supposed to sound
it would be like this..
Well phonetically it's
ʃ
ə
n
These are the phonetic symbols, the sounds,
not the letters.
ʃ - an unvoiced consonant sound.
ə - the unstressed vowel sound, the schwa.
And n - a voiced consonant sound.
Now bring all of those sounds together and you get
-tion.
It's really, really fast.
In fact, often the schwa sound
is absorbed into the consonant sounds.
Because it's unstressed, we hardly hear it at all.
So if you see it in a dictionary written like this,
it means that the sound is absorbed
into the consonant sounds around it.
Now these words are a special bonus for
Spanish and Portuguese, Italian and French
and German and Dutch native speakers
because there are patterns between
words in your language and words in English
which means you instantly know the meaning
of thousands of English words.
The pronunciation rules that you learn in this lesson
will help you to correctly pronounce
all of these words in English.
Okay let's build up
with some extra syllables to practise using this suffix
within some bigger words.
Okay? Practise out loud with me.
Caution.
Tradition.
Frustration.
Conversation.
Now there are a couple of exceptions
to this pronunciation rule.
Just a couple, so don't worry!
When the consonant sound
is the sound right before the -tion,
the pronunciation becomes /tʃən/ instead of
instead of
Question.
Exhaustion.
Digestion.
One of the wonderful patterns that exists in English
is that you can attach -tion to the end of many verbs
to create a noun.
It creates the noun that is the action of the verb.
I mean take a look at how many there are,
and these are just a few!
In an earlier lesson, I talked about
the importance of word stress in spoken English.
Using the correct word stress will help you
to sound much more natural when you speak English.
Like I said, the -tion suffix is always unstressed.
So which syllable should you stress?
It's actually simple, it's the syllable before -tion.
The stress pattern
is consistent throughout English pronunciation.
The syllable before -tion is the stressed syllable.
Action.
Caution.
Tradition.
Frustration.
Connection.
Donation.
Repetition.
Inspiration.
Construction.
Invention.
Infection.
Description.
Collection.
Interruption.
Population.
Celebration.
Innovation.
Transformation.
It's consistent across all syllables.
-tion doesn't have to be the final suffix either,
it can followed by -al or -ally.
Traditional. Traditionally.
International.
Internationally.
But the stress pattern is exactly the same - even now!
The stress syllable is the one before -tion
International.
Traditionally.
Well that's it for this lesson!
I hope that this little pronunciation tip
showed you just how easy it is to start practising
the correct pronunciation of all of these words.
Remember that there are thousands of them in English.
Make sure you subscribe and check out
some of my other pronunciation lessons right here.
Thanks for watching today and I'll see you next week.
Bye for now!
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OS 11 ESTÁGIOS DO DESPERTAR - Duration: 10:14.
For more infomation >> OS 11 ESTÁGIOS DO DESPERTAR - Duration: 10:14. -------------------------------------------
President Trump's new tariffs ignite trade war fears - Duration: 2:22.
For more infomation >> President Trump's new tariffs ignite trade war fears - Duration: 2:22. -------------------------------------------
Миллионы кошек на русском языке | Ванда Гаг | Классическая американская сказка - Duration: 6:16.
For more infomation >> Миллионы кошек на русском языке | Ванда Гаг | Классическая американская сказка - Duration: 6:16. -------------------------------------------
Brother Vs. Brother - Adding Color to Your Home - HGTV - Duration: 1:38.
For more infomation >> Brother Vs. Brother - Adding Color to Your Home - HGTV - Duration: 1:38. -------------------------------------------
Stormy Daniels In Serious Trouble After Her Own Lawyer Betrays Her - Duration: 2:43.
Stormy Daniels In Serious Trouble After Her Own Lawyer Betrays Her.
The media circus surrounding adult film star Stormy Daniels shows, just how far our country's
journalists have fallen.
The hate-filled liberal media is consumed with taking the President down, even if it
means reporting lies instead of facts, and gossip instead of truth.
Now that the Russia collusion story isn't panning out, the media have inexplicably placed
all of their hopes on a porn star's shaky tale of a decade old affair.
Her lawyer, Michael Avenatti, has gotten billions of dollars worth of airtime on mainstream
media, obviously taking advantage of the situation.
He clearly craves the spotlight just as much as Daniels does, and now it is turning into
their downfall and Trump's victory.
Those endless interviews are costing Avenatti his claim to fame, and are costing Daniels
her attorney.
From The Hill:
Michael Avenatti has withdrawn his request to represent adult-film star Stormy Daniels
in the case centered, on the FBI raid of President Trump's attorney Michael Cohen.
Shortly after a conference hearing Wednesday in a federal district court in Manhattan,
Avenatti withdrew his request to weigh in on the case.
Avenatti reportedly faced tough questions during the hearing from federal District Judge
Kimba Wood, who told him in court on Wednesday he would have to stop his "publicity tour"
if he wanted to participate in the case.
Judge Wood cited a particularly damning moment in one of Avenatti's many interviews.
The New York lawyer illegally released alleged financial records of Michael Cohen's, on
national television and implied that Cohen was somehow receiving payments through inactive
companies.
"You cannot declare your opinion as to Mr. Cohen's guilt, which you did.
You would not be able to give publicity to documents.
You're entitled to publicity.
I can't stop you unless you're participating in a matter before me.," Judge Wood stated.
Just last week, we questioned Avenatti's credibility after it was uncovered that his
firm was hit with a $10 million injunction, from Bankruptcy Court over its failure to
pay a lawyer for his services.
It seems this was the beginning of the end for the ill-fated attorney.
But now that Avenatti's off the case, he can devote all of his energy to getting on
television, which is what he really wanted all along.
What do you think about this?
Please share this news and scroll down to Comment below and don't forget to subscribe
top stories today.
-------------------------------------------
I, Tonya • It's All On Hulu - Duration: 0:32.
I was the best figure skater in the world.
[MUSIC PLAYING]
Could I just interrupt with a quick word
about Nancy Kerrigan?
It'll just take a sec.
I never apologized for growing up poor or being a redneck.
We need to see a wholesome, American family,
and you just refuse to play along.
Oh, please.
Show me a family that doesn't have ups and downs.
Suck my--
-------------------------------------------
Lego Construction Mining Vehicles - Duration: 6:58.
Lego Construction Mining Vehicles
-------------------------------------------
Truco para tapar los orificios de las tablas de palet | Bricoydeco - Duration: 4:10.
For more infomation >> Truco para tapar los orificios de las tablas de palet | Bricoydeco - Duration: 4:10. -------------------------------------------
Turkish Airlines: Love Is The Greatest Journey - Duration: 0:16.
For more infomation >> Turkish Airlines: Love Is The Greatest Journey - Duration: 0:16. -------------------------------------------
باشا فلوقز | تضاربنا في الصين ! - Duration: 12:42.
Subscribe & Like for all new contents
we are still far away
will do some of these moves, then we will kick in
Why!
Why?
my feet hurts so bad, dear god help
they were flipping and doing many moves
you guys are snoring as well, perfect
let me have some space here
so comfortable isn't? damn it
Move your legs man
let me sleep mate
Aez
are you asleep?
I beg you Ibrahim, i have no money at all
I told you give me my money back
-------------------------------------------
Irish VS Scottish: Sexiest Accent - Duration: 6:36.
I don't know what that means, but I like it
Tell me - what do you know about Ireland?
They really enjoy their whisky
I know about Connon McGregor who is the biggest badass of all time
They drink a lot. That's what I heard about that
I think of the movie Brave but that's really it. I think that's Scottish
Dunsmore my last name is Scottish. That is all I know.
And Scotland?
They also enjoy their whisky
Yeah, the skirt. I'm thinking about that when I'm thinking about Scottish people.
Pick up lines with accents? Exciting.
I have a cold hand. I'm sorry.
Heart's fluttering. Is it?
Very much so.
This could be our first date
Do you moisturize?
Flour?
Straight to the poop jokes.
A lot of people have red hair.
So are you a red-head?
yes
I'm a stereotypical Scottish.
I wanna say this is Scottish.
What gave it away? The disgusting joke?
My name is Marieann. It's a French name.
Yeah. I know
I like Celtic music sometimes.
I would pay a hundred dollars for that
You don't need to pay. My visa doesn't let me do that.
Maybe we should speak French. What do you think about that?
I wouldn't mind having a little French in me tonight.
It's a double entendre
So like - gay lick. And then Gaelic like the language
Isn't that where Ewan McGregor is from?
No, he's from Scotland, love.
I can feel it in your accent. You're from Ireland. Definitely.
We should go to an Irish pub one day
I do maybe.
I guess you're from Scotland. I don't know why
That was my pick up line
I like it though.
It was clever though?
It wasn't quite the wittiest I was expecting but you got straight to the point
I move fast
You must be tired because you have been running through my mind all day
I'm not athletic. I can't run through shit.
I might be sitting in your mind.
And we have a lot of beautiful buildings. But not beautiful people.
Scottish are not very romantic people
Most Scottish words are mouthfuls
You would be a mouthful
What is your idea of romance?
A bottle of cheap cider. We refer to them as leg openers
You smell nice. You walked up and sat down. I'm like - ooh
I actually showered today
I understand that crack
not that craic
If you don't go out much, you can come over to my place and we can show each other our Lucky Charms
Give me your Instagram so we can chat and we can see
I'm a French boy, you know?
And I'm a European girl.
I grew up in Westmeath which is the very center
If you know Niall from One Direction
You've got kind of a Louis Armstrong thing going on
You seem to be a nice person. You've got a lovely voice
I'm down for that.
Can you guess where I'm from then?
I guess you're from Irish
What's your name?
My name is Max
Tell me more
It's all I've got, really
I'm just a one and done type of person
Oh damn. Your accent is so hard to understand
Does this count as my first date? I've never been on a date
I've been single for 22 years
I've never been on a date, so what the heck?
Never been on a date, never hooked up with anyone, never had a first kiss
I'm just basically single as f*ck
I'll be your first kiss!
It's okay. I've been single my entire life too. Don't worry!
High five! It's gonna work out so well
You know you have to choose now
what?
What was your pick?
Boyfriend material guy?
I think I like the Irish just a little bit better
It was smooth, it flowed.. it was pleasant to listen to
Scottish cause there is that chicken filet
Wait. Irish!
Oh definitely Irish
I love Irish people, I like them, I want to meet them
I find that Scottish is more soothing to listen to so I'm gonna go with.. Scottish!
-------------------------------------------
Mechanical Engineering: Crash Course Engineering #3 - Duration: 9:39.
Mechanical engineers have changed the world.
You could even say: the course of history.
Not just once but countless times.
Because they've identified problems that were holding humanity back, and they solved them.
Things were too big and heavy to move. Travel was too difficult.
Distances too far. Our bodies were too weak.
If you can think of an invention that revolutionized the way people live, odds are it was created by mechanical engineers.
And I don't think I'm being biased.
Theirs is the field of engineering that focuses on the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of machines and mechanical systems – pretty much anything that moves.
And since the beginning, mechanical engineering has faced a great many challenges, and solved a lot of problems.
The examples are too many to count, but consider things like the steam engine, airplanes, robots, and biomechanical suits.
The engineers behind all of these devices were able to find solutions to big problems.
And of course, they faced difficulties along the way.
But great efforts almost always do.
[Theme Music]
Back in the day, if you wanted to get somewhere, you would have had two options: your own two feet or a horse.
And if you wanted to take a heavy load with you, you needed a carriage. Wheels.
The invention of the wheel is one of the oldest roots of mechanical engineering, along with all of the simple tools that went into building the carriage itself.
If we include the simple levers that were used to open gates and bring down bridges, we'd have a great, but primitive, base of early mechanical engineering.
But horse-drawn carriages aren't very fast.
A horse needs rest and food, so it would be generous to say you could cover 80 kilometers a day.
This gave the engineers of the past a problem.
As the world opened up, it became more important to cover distances in less time, and horses just weren't cutting it.
They needed something faster.
They needed an engine.
Making its first appearance in the early 18th century, the steam engine marked a major turning point in the development of modern mechanical engineering.
It was proposed that a steam engine could do the work of ten, fifteen, or even twenty horses!
And you wouldn't need to bother with any hay...or manure.
This brings us to Thomas Newcomen, the British inventor who developed the first successful steam engine with a piston in 1712.
In his design, atmospheric pressure pushed the piston down, after the condensation of steam had created a vacuum in the cylinder.
Its original use was to draw water out of the Cornish tin mines, after Newcomen found how expensive it was to use horses to pump the water.
Then along came the Scottish inventor James Watt.
In 1763, while repairing one of Newcomen's engines,
Watt realized that about three quarters of the energy from the steam was going to waste, used only to heat the chamber of the engine.
His solution was to have a separate condenser.
The steam would then be condensed in a chamber separate from the piston chamber, so that the condensed steam didn't go to waste.
Keeping the two processes separate allowed for continued rotary motion, which was really important,
because it allowed for a more consistent source of power.
Watt's invention came to be widely used to run machines in the factories that drove the Industrial Revolution.
Watt went on to be the first engineer to be commemorated in Westminster Abbey, with a large, white marble statue erected in his memory.
He also had his last name recognized as a unit of power, which is perhaps one of the highest honors that an engineer can get.
But steam engines really came into their own, especially in the realm of transportation, in the locomotives of the 19th century.
George and Robert Stephenson, an English father-son duo, are famous for their early steam locomotive, which they called, aptly enough, "Locomotion."
In 1825, it became the first public passenger train, carrying 450 people at 24 kilometers per hour.
Quite a bit faster than a horse!
But while wheeled vehicles allowed people to travel more quickly on land, transportation was still limited by bodies of water and rough, mountainous terrain.
If engineers could figure out a way to get people to fly, all of that could be avoided!
This problem-solving led to the invention of aircraft.
The first powered aircraft to take flight was the Wright Flyer in 1903, which was designed by Wilbur and Orville Wright and used a 12-horsepower gas engine.
Orville flew the Wright Flyer on its maiden voyage, traveling 36 meters in 12 seconds.
But the best flight of the day belonged to Wilbur, who traveled over 255 meters in 59 seconds,
or a speed of about 15 kilometers an hour, earning him some serious bragging rights.
Soon after the Wright brothers' accomplishment, World War I sparked a burst of aircraft innovation.
Engineers began using metal in the structures of the airplanes, and better engines, allowing them to reach higher speeds and altitudes.
Then, in 1930, Sir Frank Whittle obtained his first patent for a turbo-jet engine.
But it wasn't until the outbreak of World War II that the British government had a compelling reason to support his work.
By 1941, Whittle's engine featured a multistage compressor, a combustion chamber, a single turbine, and a nozzle –
which was a big improvement, since previous engine designs only had an internal-combustion engine and a propeller.
Jet engines outperformed the older designs, flying farther, faster, and cheaper too.
These advances ultimately made commercial air travel possible, and soon people were traveling where once only the birds had ruled.
But mechanical engineering doesn't stop in the air!
Beyond planes, we've sent satellites into orbit, astronauts to the moon, and spacecraft carrying rovers all the way to Mars.
The aerospace side of engineering actually arose from the mechanical field.
And much of what has allowed us to build these machines that move us is another big part of the mechanical engineering field: robotics.
For most of industrial history, humans have been at the center of our workforce.
But humans have their limits.
Some things are too big and too awkward to move, while other processes needed a finer precision than the human hand allows.
Industrial environments are also often uncomfortable and sometimes even dangerous.
And that's where robots and automation come in.
The first industrial robot, called Unimate, appeared around 1960.
It was designed by American inventor George Devol, Jr., who worked with engineer and entrepreneur Joseph Engelberger to get it into factories.
Unimate robots had up to six fully programmable axes of motion and could handle parts weighing up to around 225 kilograms at high speeds.
They soon joined the assembly line at a General Motors plant, where they took die castings from machines and welded them onto auto bodies.
Since then, robots have gone beyond manufacturing, showing up in our homes to clean the floors, and even hospitals to perform surgeries.
But as their applications get more advanced, engineers have more and more factors to consider.
They need to worry about how well robots sense their surroundings, how they move and manipulate their environments, and much more.
It's possible one day that we'll have robots in many of the places you could imagine a human working.
I mean, we're seeing that now.
And speaking of humans, you can think of the human body as just a super complex mechanical system of its own, made of links and connecting joints.
And this is where biomechanics comes in.
Engineers need to take into account the stress, load, and impact that our bodies can withstand, and apply it to machines that are modeled on us.
Advanced biomechanics is one of the newest divisions of mechanical engineering.
From it, we're already seeing the beginnings of exoskeleton-suits, limbs that move like their biological counterparts, and other robotic implants.
One of the more impressive projects is the Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton.
Funded by the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency in 2000,
this device is designed to provide mechanical support to allow nearly anyone to carry larger, heavier loads than they could ever lift on their own.
The ability to carry heavy loads is often a problem for soldiers and disaster relief workers, so finding a solution to this is pretty important.
But the problems are many.
For one thing, power sources for exo-suits are often too heavy or cumbersome.
But the BLEEX, as it's called, overcomes this by using a small hybrid power source
that delivers hydraulic power for the suit's locomotion and electrical power for its computer.
The first prototype was recently introduced, consisting of two powered, anthropomorphic legs, a power unit, and a backpack-like frame.
Using the frame, a person can carry a heavy load, but only have it feel like a few pounds.
In similar fashion, Berkeley is also behind the Austin project, which aims to develop exoskeleton systems for people with mobility disorders.
So it's almost as if we've gone full circle, from the inventors who developed the first steam engine to replace the horse,
to the biomechanical engineers who are using robotics to simulate the most basic means of transportation: walking.
Those are some of the very big problems that mechanical engineers have managed to solve.
And when it comes to the problems that we still face today – from driving in traffic to getting food and water to remote areas –
you can bet that mechanical engineers will be there to tackle them.
So today we learned all about many different areas of mechanical engineering, beginning with the steam engine.
We then moved on to aircraft and the work behind them.
And we finished by going into the more modern areas of robotics and biomechanics.
In the next episode we'll explore electrical engineering, its history, and the work that electrical engineers do.
Thanks for watching and I'll see you then.
Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
You can head over to their channel to check out a playlist of their latest amazing shows,
like PBS Space Time, Above the Noise, and Physics Girl.
Crash Course is a Complexly production and this episode of was filmed in the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Studio with the help of these wonderful people.
And our amazing graphics team is Thought Cafe.
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