Today I propose to attack you to a subject often tipped as a stage
compulsory expansion of man in space, namely the colonization of Mars.
If you want to change planet over the next few decades, you in
may have the opportunity, thanks to the ambitious Mars colonization project of Elon Musk.
Indeed, the program that the billionaire is setting up with his company
SpaceX proposes that the trip to our neighbor the Red Planet costs the colon only about
$ 200,000 (approximately $ 180,000) against $ 10 billion with current means ...
The price of a house.
Hopefully, the first inhabited ships could take off in 10 years.
Very early in the history of spaceflight our red neighbor happened in the center
all the attention from 1948 Wernher Von Braun, one of the pioneers of astronautics
modern, reflects on an architecture of missions to the red planet even before
the first space flight.
His book, The Mars Project, provides sending a team of 70 scientists
distributed in a fleet of ten ships.
It calculates the possible trajectories and the different firing of the engines that
would be necessary to carry out the journey Oh good.
Modeled after exploration expeditions of the Antarctic at the time, such a mission
seems almost grotesque today obviously Von Braun could not anticipate
that the huge progress of robotics, would allow us to explore our neighbor
cheaper. 65 years later we know much more about Mars but the ambitious missions
that the German engineer had imagined have never been born.
Yet the idea comes up regularly on the carpet lately.
It's a private company Space x that wants take up the torch of Martian colonization.
The inhabited journey to the red planet is yet a damn complicated case of
kind to make NASA shy ... what about then of a colonization project if humanity
One day decides to leave permanently his cradle? Mars does it necessarily represent
the best of destinations? For the purposes of this file let's admit that
Space x manage to send men dozens to Mars in a future not too much
distant.
This allows us to look at the first problematic of colonization
Martian, namely transport.
The solution of the American company rests on very large reusable vessels
the BFS, who would go to the planet red en masse, at each shooting window,
approximately every two years.
So these ships would work without having use of any technological breakthrough.
Good old rocket with chemical propulsion sprinkled with a touch of reuse
and methane.
In a way we are getting closer a bit of Wernher Von Braun's vision,
the mission architecture retained by Space x, makes a number of choices to make
the possible route, among which the production local fuel and this detail makes the
Space x project very different from what could have been Apollo missions or most
Martian exploration projects.
Martian colonization is not only an option allowed by the trip she becomes
necessary to this one.
Without the deployment of infrastructure local production no return possible.
All this is fine but it looks like a bit like a snake biting its tail ...
"We're going to march to establish a colony and we establish a colony to make sure
that we can leave again ". What advantages concretely, would
humanity to go settle on another planet and why Mars in particular?
Elon Musk, the founder of Space x, seems mainly driven by a desire for backup
of the human species.
In his vision of the colonization of the Planet red (twice as small as the Earth,
let's remember), billionaire Elon Musk foremost on its launchers and pitchers
reusable to transport travelers, the necessary infrastructure and resources.
One thousand trips, or more, with each times 100 people on board, could be
carried out with ITS (Interplanetary Transport System).
SpaceX CEO hopes one million of people will be citizens of the first
Martian city in 50 to 100 years! The ITS is already in preparation.
Its engines called Raptor, announced as three times more powerful than launchers
Falcon 9, are currently being tested.
SpaceX hits hard because with the 42 Raptors who will equip each thrower, these will be
by far the most powerful in history Space.
Up to 550 tonnes of payload thus be placed in low orbit.
For comparison, the capabilities of the famous Saturn V Apollo program
were 135 tons.
It is noted that they can be reused up to 1,000 times each ...
Gradually, a fleet of ships (inhabited and cargo) will be built around the Earth.
Then, when the road to Mars will be favorable (a window opens every 26 months), the
convoy will start its cruise at 100,800 km / h.
By ensuring that humanity prospers at least two planets one guarantees against
the risks of extinction.
If one of these two planets suffered a disaster major, the other can continue the adventure.
Without wishing to judge of human nature, I doubt that this is enough to move the crowds
to trigger a migration to the planet red.
It takes an economic opportunity and this side, if we look at the geography
of the solar system and that we wonder, Mars may have a playing card.
For a manufacturer of the future in search of precious raw materials, the main belt
Asteroids is a piece of choice.
It houses a lot of metals and materials precious easily accessible.
Now, what do we find pile between the belt and the Earth? The orbit of the red planet!
A little like the cities that were developing along the railroad tracks, Mars could
become an essential step between earthlings and their new El Dorado.
A bit like a mother ship that we find in science fiction movies.
Except that in this futuristic story, it's we extraterrestrials!
Due to its low gravity, it could for example to serve as a starting point for
men or robots part exploit the belt.
Obviously they are perspectives in the very long run if Space x manages to
achieve one's ambitions.
His first passengers will have concerns much more immediate.
Like all objects in the solar system outside the Earth, Mars is atrociously
hostile to human life its temperature average oscillates around - 60 °.
Its low atmospheric pressure is forbidden life out of a controlled environment.
This atmosphere is also so Concentrated in CO2 that breathing it would poison you.
She would even kill plants.
Mars does not have a magnetosphere so, hello the radiation and we absolutely
no idea what its low gravity in the long run on human organisms.
If despite this, the adventure always tempts you, here is some good news:
A hard Martian day exactly 24 hours 39 minutes and 35 seconds.
Your sleep cycle should not be to be too disturbed.
There is water on Mars as well as all chemical elements necessary for life.
It's not even impossible to think that Mars has welcomed life in the distant past.
A gravity of 35% of gravity (a 100 kg man on Earth will weigh 35 kg on Mars).
A year equal to 2 years terrestrial with 4 seasons of 6 months.
A summer of 6 months it should try a lot of world but ... the brightness on Mars is
equal to 55% of the brightness on Earth.
And after all, an atmosphere and a weaker gravity it stays better than not
of atmosphere and no gravity at all! We still does not know much about Space x's plans for colonization.
The company communicated on a first Robotic flight in 2022 and a first manned flight
in 2024.
Let's go on dates and legendary optimism Elon Musk.
The first step with robotic flight, it is to ensure that local production
propellant is possible.
On this side we should have a beginning of answer with NASA Mars 2020 rover.
The latter embeds an experience called MOXIE, which has to produce oxygen at
from the Martian atmosphere.
Space x relies on resources in water and carbon dioxide of the planet
red to produce oxygen and methane.
Only, to feed all this it is necessary energy a lot of energy and this
confronts us with another problem Martian.
The red planet is far enough from the sun to bring down the yields of solar panels.
It is also regularly covered by huge dust storms this
which does not improve the situation.
Ideally nuclear energy would provide the best alternative but we know
Space x's preference for solutions already well established.
Or to produce and store the thousands of tonnes of propellant needed for the return trip,
we will have to ask solar panels and that's without counting on the systems of
survival of mission passengers! Finally, that the first settlers come from Space
x or for that matter, local energy production will be one of their main concerns.
Mars is hard but it still offers some opportunities.
The problem of radiation, for example, could to be solved quite simply by going
to settle under the surface and for that, no need to engage in expensive drilling.
Also, the volcanism of the red planet has already done the work, we think
that Mars indeed hosts lava tubes : large underground and hollow corridors
formed by lava flows due to the low gravity of the planet.
His tunnels could be much bigger than their terrestrial counterparts, which would allow
to install vast habitats, sheltered radiation and meteorites.
The temperature would be also easier to control.
With a view to colonization, it would allow the local production of a maximum of elements.
Especially those essential for survival of man like food for example
and why not building materials.
Produce food on Mars has yet to nothing obvious, it would fertilize the
toxic soil of the planet and grow seeds and plants in a controlled atmosphere
and with a sufficient supply of light.
To be able to satisfy them in water of course.
The installation of scientists on the Planet red will allow us to do planetology
compared, and to better understand the phenomena geological and climatic conditions that govern
Earth.
Researchers will be able to improve their models to deduce fundamental laws.
If they discover that there has been life on Mars, it will transform our vision of the cosmos.
It remains that Mars could prove a little more fertile than we think.
An experiment conducted by the space center German found that lichen
collected in Antarctica was able to survive in a simulated Martian environment,
out of everything, any greenhouse or help system any.
Can we then imagine that a genetically modified cereals that is capable of
do the same ? If our settlers manage to secure their
survival in a perennial way and even to take a certain independence from
Earth, they will then be able to set up a productive economy.
It remains that the initial investment for to arrive at this result seems gigantic
relative to the return on investment possible.
We are talking here about a project that would put generations before becoming profitable ...
not really the kind of equations that pleases to the private sector.
One way to facilitate this equation could to be of Terra partly forming the planet,
that is not to make it completely identical to the Earth but to tackle
some of these very specific conditions.
Like the absence of magnetic fields.
In February 2017, Jim Green, scientists at NASA, has devised a concept in which
a magnetic pole of very high power, installed at the L1 Lagrange point of the solar system.
Mars would come to encompass the red planet in its magnetosphere.
So protect from the solar wind, Mars would see its atmosphere thickens and its temperature
climb and maybe even make up possible liquid water on the surface.
What is certain is that Mars will continue to make us dream for a long time.
It is very difficult to predict what future humanity will give to the red planet.
Between private initiatives and plans changing space agencies, it seems
impossible to know who will put first foot on the red planet and especially to
what is the deadline.
One certainty: Martian colonization will represent a major turning point in the history of humanity.
This prospect of a backup planet is seductive, but perverse.
That might suggest that it will exist a plan B the day the man will destroy
the Earth - because of global warming or a nuclear war, for example.
Before wanting to colonize Mars or the Moon, let's try to save our own planet.
Fortunately, NASA is also thinking about a way to make Mars a little bluer.
Mars had a huge ocean on its surface.
And therefore an atmosphere, an essential condition so that liquid water can exist on
a planet.
In short, so that it is potentially Living.
It would be enough to create a magnetic field artificial so that the surface of Mars is
again covered with liquid water.
And precisely, if the planet has since become red and lost a very big from
his water is because the majority of his atmosphere has disappeared.
This is what the Maven probe taught us these last years.
Guilty party?
The very powerful solar winds that sweep the planet.
And why is the Earth not concerned?
Because it has a magnetic field, created by the composition of the Earth's core.
The idea is to create a magnetic field for Mars.
I want to explain that to you, that's why I'm coming back.
For that we imagine to send in orbit an object (still to be invented) for
generate a powerful electromagnetic field which would protect Mars from solar winds.
Certainly, "it may seem fanciful."
But remember that breakthroughs have been recently made in this area, citing
the idea of miniature magnetic spheres intended to protect spacecraft.
"In the future, it is possible that a structure inflatable can generate a magnetic field "
sufficient level.
If such a scenario were realized, this field magnetic would increase the temperature
and the pressure on the surface, thanks to the return in strength of the atmosphere.
It would be enough for Mars to gain 4 ° C so that CO2, currently frozen, melts.
This would lead to global warming which, for the red planet, would be good news.
Indeed, CO2 would then contribute to more warm up the atmosphere, until
that the temperature exceeds zero and makes melt the frozen water stored in the poles.
After performing several simulations, theoretically, this magnetic field system
artificial (still to be invented) could make Mars more habitable.
The results will be submitted to a review scientist.
At this point, they should also be able to tell in how long such a
scenario is conceivable.
"If this can be completed in the space of a human life, then the colonization of Mars
will not be very far, "say the researchers, who have already imagined what might look like
the red planet with a little more blue and green in the future.
Also you may not know it but our beautiful little blue planet will necessarily come out
one day from its livability zone.
And strangely, no information about the subject, with precise date, can not be found on the internet.
You will find explanations most frequently on the subject as well as a popular photo
representing our solar system with a diagram showing the habitable zone.
Look for yourself.
At no time does he mention dating of our end of the world by this consequence.
The habitable zone for reminder, it is a distance limit between a planet and its
star so that the water can be in the state liquid.
However, what we do know is that the Mars planet is at the exact place
where the Earth was at the time of Paleontology, well before the time of the dinosaurs.
NASA has invested billions of dollars in space equipment to discover
exo planets outside our system Solar and NASA find them! For the
fans of conspiracy theories this part will certainly please you.
I want to clarify that I'm not doing it here, only from my personal opinion.
At the moment, nobody knows us say whether there is a ninth or not
planet in our solar system.
We manage to find exoplanets thousands of light years from us ...
Space agencies like Nasa, like the European Space Agency, have expressed
their will, and always do, that their big goal is the man on Mars,
or the man around Mars.
That's it, they do not bother.
The problem is that they do not hurry not a lot.
The real problem is that they revolve around of the pot and that they mount intermediate projects
saying we are not ready.
It's still weird when John Kennedy in 61, launched the idea of posing men
on the moon, he did it, NASA did it in eight years.
In 69 it was done! While there was neither rocket nor lunar lander! We did not have
not even made an appointment in space and it was done! So, what does NASA say
today the man on Mars, we will do it but we are not ready, we do not know
not to do, you have to do intermediate steps for that, it will take us to 20 years or 30
years ... Where is the problem? The problem is that NASA has a whole other project for
Mars but the projects «Mars One and Space x ", idea of a Dutch private company
may disrupt their plan.
Indeed, how will earth form a planet to make it habitable if a human team
reality TV is on the spot? NASA's project is to transform all
the planet Mars to make it habitable.
For the moment, it is not because that the atmosphere is too thin and because
that the atmosphere is unbreathable.
There is so little gas because Mars is a small planet that has not retained
its atmosphere and there are only a few hectopascals of pressure.
It's the equivalent of the pressure that you have 40 or 50 km altitude here on Earth.
But it is possible to thicken the atmosphere Martian very quickly, simply polluting it.
If you pollute the atmosphere of Mars, you heat the atmosphere of Mars by greenhouse effect.
You already know that.
It must be admitted that it is still ironic when we look at what we did
Earth… The water vapor has as much consequence
greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide.
Then it's a snowball effect, more you heat the planet, plus ice cream
will vaporize, plus also, the dioxide of frozen carbon in the basement will enter
in the atmosphere, multiplying the effect greenhouse and so on.
And the only possibility and besides the faster and more efficient, the less expensive
in money and transport, to pollute the Mars is neither more nor less,
atomic bomb.
This is the second solution much less blue ... She was also thought by
the CEO of Space x but on a smaller scale.
In fact, it would only take a small century to give Mars an atmosphere
solid, send robots to implant algae, which with photosynthesis would create
in a few centuries a full atmosphere oxygen.
It only remains to be human to get there and to go around in the air
free and that easily, because the gravity y are less strong, we would not feel
no effects on physical, muscular damage and bone sudden during the several months
of travel.
The "Mars One" solution as for it, would like to colonize the planet, they will
in their modules that will have been brought from the Earth.
They will stay there, they will only go out in scuba gear, or in pressurized vehicles.
At first, because then, we can try to enlarge the space where you live.
We can consider large domes first in transparent inflatable material that will encompass
larger and larger surfaces.
First the size of a tennis court, then the size of a football stadium where we will have
an artificial atmosphere.
It will of course have to have created oxygen, maybe some nitrogen etcetera, so that
you can walk around without a suit.
We will have built the first domes, first Martian cities.
This is a new stage and we can conceive how it is achievable in the medium term
that is to say before the end of the century.
In other words, "Mars One" is the project to adapt to Mars, not to adapt
to us, at least not before at least 6 centuries.
NASA hides us from eventualities and healthier and politically
correct to evolve, to move, to discover and know.
What do you think of the different methods which I told you about?
Which projects seem for you the most feasible ?
I leave you to comment on your questions and reactions on this video!
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