[Quick note about the similar-looking terms in this video.]
[Terms with capital H (RHD, RHCE) refer to genes. Terms with small h (RhD, RhCE) refer to proteins.]
[The genes' names should also be italicized, but YouTube CCs don't allow it.]
Hello, gnathostomes!
Before we get to the Stupid™, I would like to give a big thank you to Infixfun,
who has been a very, very awesome person and put closed captions on all my videos!
Thanks!
So. Errm. Hmm... What to debunk? What to debunk?
Hey Google, find me something really stupid.
Okay, here is what I found:
If You Belong To This Blood Group, Chances Are You Could Be Having Alien DNA
Yup! That'll do.
So. The following, which I have to stress is real and presented verbatim,
is from a bottomless pit of listicles and clickbait called Troab.
Or Troaap? Throap?
Thrååp?
Throwup? Yea, let's go with that one.
This particular "article" was vomited up by Andrew Alpin,
who appears to be a frequent contributor to the site.
Oh, and if you're wondering how I found this Stupid™,
it was suggested to me by the Google+ trending feature.
And if you use one of Google's other products, and search for "alien blood type",
you'll get a shitload of results.
So. Yeah. Apparently people actually believe this.
Okay, Google, read the Stupid™ for us.
Oh dear fuck.
Zero to dumber than a wet cardboard box in 3.4 seconds.
First of all, that would be a question for human evolution and genetics,
not physiology, it's not the biggest question in any of them,
and I think you meant "unanswered".
Secondly, that not how evolution works.
Humans didn't evolve from rhesus monkeys; or rhesus macaques
to give them their proper name. You share a common ancestor with them.
Now, most people with rhesus negative blood are in fact missing
the rhesus monkey gene; or RHD to give it its proper name.
But so are all the rhesus macaques, because the gene didn't evolve
until after the two lineages split.
It's not named rhesus because of anything to do with evolution;
it's named that because that's the animal the Rh blood group system
was originally discovered in, back in the late 1930s.
Well. Sort of.
It quickly turned out that what was discovered in the macaques
was actually a different blood group system than it's human "equivalent".
But by that time, the name was already in wide use, so it stuck.
But you know what? Let's forget all that and say the system really is
named after the rhesus macaque because humans evolved from it.
How does that make some humans not having it an evolutionary mystery?
No, seriously. How?
How is a species evolving an evolutionary puzzle?
You do realize that there are a lot of genetic differences between humans and macaques, right?
That that's why you and them are different species? Guess how they ended up that way.
That's right: fucking evolution.
Jesus Christ on a blue mountain bike.
It's not unanswered! Humans evolved! It's right there in the question!
You're literally asking "Why, if species evolve, don't they stay the same?".
It's not a theory. It's not even a hypothesis.
It's somewhere around a barely thought-out showerthought
of someone who hasn't their morning coffee yet.
Also, only the R in Rh is supposed to be capitalized.
Wait. Wait wait.
By "Alien DNA" you mean "space aliens" aliens, right?
And not "aliens" as in Mexicans?
Again, yes, most Rh negative people have that blood type because they lack the RHD gene.
Don't worry, I will get back to the how and why of that.
For now, I really want to know how the hell you got from that to alien DNA.
Never mind how that's a complete non sequitur,
how the actual chocolate-coated fuck can missing a gene equal having alien DNA?
They're missing the gene because they lack the part of the DNA where it's "supposed" to be.
It's not pining for the fjords. It's not there! It's gone!
Vanished! Deleted! No longer in existence! Lost to time!
It is an ex-gene!
Within the ABO blood group system, yes, those are by far the most common types.
There are others, but they are rare,
and most are basically versions of either A or B with some caveats.
Thing is, there are also other blood group systems. 36 of them to be exact.
The ABO system is just one of them.
The reason you hear about it the most is because it's the one most likely to cause problems
during blood transfusions and organ transplants, making it the most clinically important.
I mean, that's not not true, but it's also not much of an explanation.
So, let me do it for you. Fair warning, this segment is going to be a big info dump.
So hold onto your pants.
All of your cells have proteins on their surface that they use to communicate
and interact with the rest of you, and sometimes things that aren't you.
Some of them also act as antigens. Antigens are parts of molecules,
usually proteins or complex sugars, that can be recognized by the immune system
and cause it to respond.
What antigens someone has, and what they look is determined by their genes.
Because humans aren't clones, people have different antigens.
Your immune system "knows", for a lack of better term, what your antigens look like,
and has cellular safety mechanisms in place so it doesn't attack them.
Autoimmune diseases are what happens when those mechanisms fail.
Blood types have to do with the antigens on the surface of the cells in your blood;
primarily those on the red blood cells.
The protein characteristics Andrew is talking about are the structure of these antigens.
Each of the 36 blood-type systems deals with one or a group of related blood antigens.
The types refer to what antigens and antibodies someone has.
So if someone is type A, that means they have the A version of the ABO antigen,
but lack B, and likely have antibodies against it.
In most cases, someone's type in the ABO system is determined by what versions,
known as alleles, of the appropriately named ABO gene they have.
A bit confusingly, it's not the protein coded for by ABO that's the antigen.
In fact, that protein stays inside the cell.
You see, a lot of surface and extracellular proteins are glycoproteins,
meaning they have branching chains of different sugars "glued" onto them.
The ABO antigen is one such sugar chain.
The ABO protein's job is to help build this chain by putting a single sugar on a certain part of it.
What sugar is put on determines the blood type.
Acetylgalactosamine gives you type A, while galactose results in type B.
Type O means the ABO protein is either missing or broken, so nothing gets put on.
Type AB just means you have both A and B.
For most genes, you have two copies of it, one on each chromosome in a chromosome pair,
so you can have two different alleles.
On to the star of the video: the Rh blood type system.
It involves two genes: RHD and RHCE.
Each codes for one of two very similar surface proteins found only on red blood cells.
And, unlike in the ABO system, they are the antigens.
There are three antigens: C, D, and E. You can probably guess which one carries which.
The Rh system is the largest of the human blood group systems, with over 50 different types.
Most of them are rare, so we will just stick with six common ones:
small c, d, and e, and big C, D, and E.
The two Cs and Es, are different-looking proteins, just like A and B, but the Ds aren't.
Small d is not an actual antigen, because it's not a protein,
but rather the lack of RhD; it's Rh negative.
When we talk about someone being Rh negative or positive,
we're saying whether or not they have RhD.
The reason we don't usually talk about RhCE, is because it's less clinically relevant.
The immune system is much more likely to have a strong reaction
against a protein it's not used to than to a protein that just looks slightly different.
That was a lot longer than I wanted it to be. Hopefully you got most of it.
Well, it *led* scientists to ask that question. They came from Africa.
We actually have a pretty solid idea of where Rh negative came from.
More on that in a moment. I want to address a couple of smaller points.
Firstly, the "15% of the population" is only true for Europe and North America.
In the rest of world, Rh negative is much rarer.
Secondly, Andrew thinks the protein missing in Rh negative people is the ABO protein.
It might be hard to tell with me interrupting him,
but if you read the whole paragraph, it very much seems like he does.
The headline of this section also helped a lot.
But, um, yeah. No, they're not the same. And RhD and RhCE aren't glycoproteins,
so I can't even be nice and assume he meant they carry the ABO antigen.
Also, not every Rh negative person have completely lost the D antigen,
it's just the most common allele.
To understand where Rh negative came from, and spoilers, it wasn't aliens,
we first need to understand how RhD came about.
RHD and RHCE are members of a larger family of rhesus genes.
A very old family, dating back to at least the common ancestor of all vertebrates.
As I mentioned, rhesus macaques don't have the RHD gene.
But they do have an equivalent of RHCE.
I also mentioned that the two proteins are very similar.
The genes for them share 92% of their coding parts.
They're also right next to each other.
What all of this suggests is that RHD came about as a result of RHCE being duplicated.
It's also a clue to how it was lost again.
Your cells are able to do something called homologous recombination.
I won't get into to the details of it works.
All you need to know is that it's a way to swap similar looking parts of DNA.
The cells mostly use this ability to repair damaged DNA.
It's also used to mix up genes during meiosis;
the type of cell division used to make egg and sperm cells.
The process of homologous recombination isn't perfect. Sometimes things go wrong.
That's how RHD got deleted.
Because the two genes are so similar, the homologous recombination protein
machinery confused two parts on either side of RHD, and so ended up cutting it out.
That's not just speculation. If you compare the DNA sequences,
you can actually see where it was put back together.
Looking around the internet, this "35 000 years ago" pops up a lot.
Usually accompanied by other words explaining how unnamed scientists
think this is when humans got the blood type from either aliens or Neanderthals.
I didn't bother to track down the source, because fuck that.
It doesn't matter where it came from. What matters is that it's wrong.
Now, to be fair, Andrew doesn't actually say that this is how old Rh negative is.
He just says it was around.
Which yes, it would have been, because it's hundreds of thousands years old.
We know this thanks to genetics.
While Rh negative is rare in people from the African part of the world,
as this failed attempt at journalism correctly goes on to say,
there are still some who have it.
Among them, and the larger percentage who are carriers of it,
the most common reason is the exact same deletion mutation
you find in the rest of the world.
It's not nearly as common as in Europe,
where it's responsible for 99% of Rh negative peeps.
It's more like 60%. But it's there.
Including in people who have no non-African ancestors.
If you haven't already worked it out, that means the mutation
must have happened before humans left for the rest of the world.
That happened some 75 000 years ago.
And since the allele is found throughout Africa, it must also have happened
before anyone migrated out of East Africa 2-300 000 years ago.
That's just a tad longer ago than 35 000 years. It's likely even older than that.
The way the DNA around RHD and RHCE is set up is practically begging for a deletion
via homologous recombination to happen.
In fact, it's not at all unlikely that Rh negative was already a thing
when Homo sapiens arrived on the evolutionary scene.
In other words, it must have happened early in or before the evolution of modern humans.
Thanks for agreeing with me for once.
It's not entirely clear why it's so much more common in Europeans.
I found a few different ideas, but from what I read, the current consensus
is that it's probably because of a combination of the founder effect and genetic drift.
Which is another way if saying that it's mostly due to random chance.
The founder effect means that the people who left Africa and became the ancestors of Europeans
just happened to come from a tribe or group where the RHD deletion was prevalent.
Genetic drift happens because which genes are passed onto the next generation is random.
In a small population, genes with little to no selection pressure on them
can disappear or become much more prevalent due to this randomness.
Err, no. You pulled that directly from someone's rectum.
The only two that come close to being real things are the hair and eye colour.
Rh negativity is much more common in blue eyed redheads.
That's not because the RHD has anything to with your colours.
We have a pretty good idea how that actually works.
Rh negative and red hair just happen to be the most common
in the same general population: those of European descent.
You might as well be saying sickle-cell anemia makes you black.
No. Not really.
The only major "mystery" is if the RhD protein actually does anything
and, if so, what that thing is.
Structurally, it looks like an ammonia transporter,
and other proteins in the Rh family do perform that function in the kidneys.
Whether RhD actually works is unclear. The current best guess is that it doesn't.
It's part of a complex with RhCE and another Rh protein, called RhAG.
The complex likely acts as an ammonia transporter, with RhAG doing the actually transporting.
RhD and RhCE are thought to be there for structural reasons.
That hasn't been much of a mystery since the 1940s.
How do you think we figured out to use the "special sterilized solution"?
What he's vaguely referring to is called Rh disease.
It's a subtype a condition called hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, or HDFN for short.
Normally maternal and fetal blood is separated.
However, they can and do get mixed from time to time, especially during childbirth.
In an Rh-negative woman expecting a Rh-positive child, that can be a problem.
The mother's immune system will correctly identify fetal red blood cells as not being hers,
and start producing anti-RhD antibodies.
Those antibodies are able to cross the placenta,
and will start destroying the fetus's red blood cells.
If the reaction is strong enough, that can lead to anemia, and, in severe cases, kill the fetus.
And since the mother has effectively become vaccinated against RhD,
any future Rh-positive unborn children will be at risk too.
Not only that, but the severity tends to increase with each Rh-positive pregnancy.
Since sick and stillborn babies have consistently placed low on Throwup's
"10 things we want" lists, medical professionals got together
and came up with a preventive treatment.
That's the "special sterilized solution" Andrew mentioned.
Bit weird that he felt it was more important to mention that it's sterile
than to explain what's in it, or mention that's it's an injection.
What is in the special solution is anti-RhD antibodies.
The same antibodies responsible for the problem.
Sounds counterintuitive, but it's actually pretty clever.
The dose is low enough, that it won't harm the fetus, but it's high enough
that if any of its red blood cells end up in its mother's blood, they'll be swiftly eliminated,
hopefully before her immune system has a chance to notice them and respond.
No immune response, no problem.
Oh, shit! Argh. It's supposed to be a mystery!
I'm so sorry, guys, forget what I said. No one has any idea how any of it works!
They just randomly injected things until they found something that worked.
So, shh, it's a secret.
Shhhhhh.
No one knows.
I don't know. Why would someone's immune system start attacking their pancreatic beta cells
and give them type 1 diabetes?
That's super weird and mysterious...
Oh wait, I do know.
It's because the human body, including the human immune system, isn't perfect,
but faulty as a result of being the product of a mindless and aimless process
which improves on previous iterations through incremental changes to them.
You know, evolution.
One of the underlying "arguments" of the whole "article" seems to be
a weird reverse version of the old creationist favourite of irreducible complexity.
That it can't be evolution, because it not perfect.
Wait. Have we actually found someone who fits the creationists' idea
of what an "evolutionist" is?
Is- is this what creationists think we think? Is this how they see us?
No wonder they think we're stupid!
That was almost a whole sentence.
I think it's trying to say that Rh disease is evidence for their Stupid™ because
"Isn't weird how a pregnant woman's immune system would attack the fetus?
Must be her alien DNA not matching the human fetus.".
Not only is that functionally equivalent to going "I don't get it, must be aliens.",
it also raises the question of what Andrew thinks about other blood types.
Since HDFN can be caused by maternal antibodies against other antigens than just RhD,
by Andrew's "logic", they must be alien too.
I don't think that was what he was going for, but that's where he's "argument" leads.
Which raises the further question of what the hell the aliens' deal with blood is.
I seriously doubt this can get weirder, but go on.
Well, colour me whatever colour acting as if this is the first time I'm hearing this,
and I'm surprised by it, for entertainment purposes, is.
It did get weirder. And dumber.
No, all alien abductees are not Rh negative; primarily because alien abductions aren't real.
No, it's highly indicative of the possibility that you didn't do terribly well in science class.
Or in writing class. Seriously, did you write this by dictating it to a dyslexic aarkvard?
And naturally that must mean these aliens fucked around with some of our ancestors' DNA
in a way that perfectly resembles a mutation that would likely have happened anyways.
After all, that is the next logical step.
So I'm not going to go into why ancient aliens is more retarded than a sea slug on glue.
That would be whole video in itself.
What I am going to say is that all of the evidence I have ever seen
have either been fakes or misinterpretations.
Also, most of the things you listed are completely irrelevant to this
since they happened way after the deletion mutation you think was alien genetic engineering.
Wait. You do think it was genetic engineering, right? Right?
Please tell me you're not so stupid that you think they did it
by doing it like they do on Discovery Channel.
Or, I guess, in this case it would be the History Channel.
No. We don't need spend time and money looking into an idea
that is not only implausible to begin with, but also goes against what we already know.
And we certainly don't need further investigation to figure out
if missing a section of DNA means you have DNA from aliens,
because that sentence still doesn't make any goddamn sense!
Stick to more obvious topics,
like how it turns petting a wild lion is crap idea, and leave the science alone!
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